Table 4.
Distribution of CVD risk markers according to Zn/Cu ratio tertiles.
| Variables | Ratio Zn/Cu | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 (n = 146) < 0.629 | Tertile 2 (n = 146) 0.629–0.799 | Tertile 3 (n = 145) >0.799 | ||
| Age | 41.90 (11.36) | 43.25 (12.78) | 38.06 (13.05) | NS |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 52 (35.6) | 53 (36.3) | 58 (40) | |
| Female | 94 (64.4) | 93 (63.7) | 87 (60) | |
| Metabolic markers | ||||
| BMI | 31.4 (6.0) | 30.3 (6.1) | 28.2 (5.7) | <0.001 |
| Hip/waist circumference | 86.7 (13.1) | 89.8 (15.4) | 88.8 (14.8) | NS |
| Glucose | 5.8 (2.0) | 5.9 (2.0) | 5.6 (1.6) | NS |
| Insulin | 12.6 (19.5) | 13.1 (19.6) | 10.2 (6.4) | NS |
| HbA1C | 5.8 (1.3) | 5.8 (1.2) | 5.5 (1.1) | 0.007 |
| C-peptide | 2.0 (1.2) | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.1 (1.3) | NS |
| HOMA-IR | 3.9 (9.6) | 3.9 (7.3) | 2.8 (2.9) | NS |
| TyG index | 8.4 (0.6) | 8.6 (0.7) | 8.5 (0.6) | NS |
| TG/HDL ratio | 0.9 (0.6) | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.1 (0.8) | 0.011 |
| Cardiovascular markers | ||||
| Total cholesterol | 5.0 (0.9) | 5.1 (1.1) | 4.8 (1.0) | 0.029 |
| HDL-cholesterol | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol Calc | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.1 (1.0) | 2.9 (1.0) | NS |
| Triglycerides | 1.2 (0.6) | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.2 (0.6) | 0.033 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 114.0 (16.9) | 113.7 (16.7) | 115.1 (14.6) | NS |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 65.9 (10.4) | 65.8 (10.7) | 68.7 (11.1) | 0.034 |
| Pulse rate | 71.7 (10.6) | 70.7 (8.9) | 68.8 (10.6) | 0.046 |
| 10-year ASCVD risk score | 2.9 (3.9) | 3.8 (5.3) | 3.0 (2.7) | NS |
| Coagulation tests | ||||
| Prothrombin time (PT) | 12.0 (0.8) | 12.1 (1.4) | 12.2 (0.9) | NS |
| International normalization ratio (INR) | 1.0 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.1) | NS |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) | 34.0 (2.8) | 34.3 (2.9) | 34.4 (3.4) | NS |
| Fibrinogen | 3.6 (0.6) | 3.4 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac markers | ||||
| Myoglobin | 23.7 (23.4) | 23.2 (11.8) | 28.8 (25.6) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP | 44.8 (49.2) | 37.5 (50.8) | 28.5 (111.6) | <0.001 |
| Creatine kinase | 124.5 (397.9) | 92.1 (43.9) | 236.7 (646.8) | <0.001 |
| Carotid doppler (common carotid arteries) | ||||
| Pulsatility index (left) | 1.9 (0.5) | 2.1 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.7) | 0.042 |
| Pulsatility index (right) | 2.0 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.6) | NS |
| Resistivity index (left) | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.1) | NS |
| Resistivity index (right) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.1) | NS |
| Systolic to diastolic velocity ratio (left) | 4.1 (1.0) | 4.6 (2.8) | 4.1 (0.9) | NS |
| Systolic to diastolic velocity ratio (right) | 4.4 (3.6) | 4.4 (1.2) | 4.2 (1.2) | NS |
| Mean Intima/media thickness (left) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.034 |
| Mean Intima/media thickness (right) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | NS |
| Viacorder test results (arterial stiffness) | NS | |||
| Pulse power index (PPI) | 1.23 (.16) | 1.21 (.14) | 1.23 (.29) | NS |
| Pulse wave velocity (PWV) | 12.89 (4.81) | 12.15 (5.34) | 12.39 (4.83) | NS |
Bold numbers indicate statistically significant P-values.