Table 5.
Association between Zn tertiles and CVD risk markers (adjusted for gender, nationality, age, and education).
| Variables | Zinc | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | |||||
| AOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Metabolic markers | ||||||
| High BMI | 0.616 | 0.318–1.194 | NS | 0.655 | 0.341–1.257 | NS |
| High hip/waist Circumference | 1.417 | 0.759–2.644 | NS | 1.197 | 0.625–2.291 | NS |
| High glucose | 1.334 | 0.758–2.348 | NS | 1.488 | 0.837–2.643 | NS |
| High insulin | .669 | 0.251–1.778 | NS | 0.340 | 0.102–1.125 | NS |
| High HbA1c | 2.514 | 1.194–5.292 | 0.015 | 3.207 | 1.535–6.697 | 0.002 |
| High C-peptide | 1.030 | 0.125–8.464 | NS | – | – | – |
| High HOMA-IR | 0.843 | 0.504–1.408 | NS | 0.794 | 0.471–1.336 | NS |
| High TyG index | 2.207 | 1.285–3.791 | 0.004 | 2.676 | 1.544–4.638 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular markers | ||||||
| High Total cholesterol | 1.821 | 1.108–2.994 | 0.018 | 1.581 | 0.956–2.615 | NS |
| Low HDL-cholesterol | 0.920 | 0.564–1.501 | NS | .746 | 0.454–1.227 | NS |
| High LDL-cholesterol | 1.375 | 0.835–2.265 | NS | 1.317 | 0.797–2.176 | NS |
| High triglycerides | 2.177 | 1.166–4.065 | 0.015 | 1.884 | 0.989–3.587 | 0.054 |
| High systolic blood pressure | 1.303 | 0.724–2.345 | NS | 1.423 | 0.780–2.596 | NS |
| High diastolic blood pressure | 1.980 | 0.954–4.109 | NS | 0.928 | 0.403–2.136 | NS |
| High pulse rate | 0.646 | 0.329–1.266 | NS | 0.662 | 0.341–1.285 | NS |
| High 10-year ASCVD risk score | 5.047 | 0.052–403.21 | NS | 0.003 | 0.0006–6.616 | NS |
| Coagulation tests | ||||||
| High prothrombin time (PT) | 0.614 | 0.359–1.052 | NS | 0.374 | 0.210–0.666 | 0.001 |
| High international normalization ratio (INR) | 0.869 | 0.340–2.216 | NS | 0.815 | 0.319–2.080 | NS |
| High activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) | 1.215 | 0.685–2.155 | NS | 0.851 | 0.470–1.542 | NS |
| High fibrinogen | 0.943 | 0.445–2.000 | NS | .537 | 0.229–1.256 | NS |
| Cardiac markers | ||||||
| High myoglobin | 2.058 | 0.561–7.541 | NS | 1.627 | 0.435–6.077 | NS |
| High NT-proBNP | 0.992 | 0.177–5.558 | NS | 1.417 | 0.294–6.836 | NS |
| High creatine kinase | 1.323 | 0.509–3.440 | NS | 1.618 | 0.600–4.360 | NS |
| Carotid doppler (common carotid arteries) | ||||||
| Pulsatility index (left) | 1.171 | 0.572–2.395 | NS | 1.732 | 0.851–3.523 | NS |
| Pulsatility index (right) | 1.130 | 0.555–2.303 | NS | 1.517 | 0.757–3.042 | NS |
| Resistivity index (left) | .964 | .489–1.898 | NS | 0.854 | 0.416–1.756 | NS |
| Resistivity index (right) | 1.046 | 0.469–2.336 | NS | 1.900 | 0.884–4.084 | NS |
| Systolic to diastolic Velocity ratio (left) | 1.103 | 0.568–2.144 | NS | .883 | 0.436–1.785 | NS |
| Systolic to diastolic Velocity ratio (right) | 0.998 | 0.484–2.056 | NS | 1.598 | 0.807–3.164 | NS |
| Mean intima/media Thickness (left) | 0.679 | 0.341–1.350 | NS | 1.271 | 0.673–2.401 | NS |
| Mean intima/media Thickness (right) | 0.705 | 0.365–1.362 | NS | .768 | 0.397–1.485 | NS |
| Viacorder test results (arterial stiffness) | ||||||
| Pulse power index (PPI) | 2.18 | 0.998–4.764 | 0.05 | 1.495 | 0.641–3.482 | NS |
Bold numbers indicate statistically significant P-values.