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. 2023 Nov 3;41(1):271–291. doi: 10.1007/s12325-023-02704-w

Table 6.

Comparison of mental health problems between respondents of MRW and the general population

Instrument/subdomain MRW POPUP P value
HADS N = 1159 N = 9000
 HADS-Anxietya
  Normal 6.7% 63.6% < 0.0001
  Mild 23.6% 16.1%
  Moderate 47.7% 10.9%
  Severe 21.9% 9.4%
  Mean (SD) 11.5 (2.4) 6.4 (4.6) < 0.0001
 HADS-Depressiona
  Normal 24.2% 84.0% < 0.0001
  Mild 57.3% 9.2%
  Moderate 16.9% 4.2%
  Severe 1.6% 2.7%
  Mean (SD) 8.9 (2.0) 5.0 (4.1) < 0.0001
EQ-5D-5L N = 1299 N = 9000
 Anxiety/Depression
  I am not anxious or depressed 42.5% 57.5% < 0.0001
  I am slightly anxious or depressed 34.6% 25.4%
  I am moderately anxious or depressed 18.6% 11.5%
  I am severely anxious or depressed 3.3% 3.8%
  I am extremely anxious or depressed 1.1% 1.9%
  Mean (SD) 1.9 (0.9) 1.7 (0.9) < 0.0001
EQ-5D-5L: bolt on N = 1299 N = 9000
 Self-confidence
  I have no problems with self-confidence 44.7% 66.8% < 0.0001
  I have slight problems with self-confidence 30.4% 18.7%
  I have moderate problems with self-confidence 16.7% 9.4%
  I have severe problems with self-confidence 6.6% 3.5%
  I have extreme problems with self-confidence 1.6% 1.6%
  Mean (SD) 1.9 (1) 1.5 (0.9) < 0.0001
HUI-3 N = 540 N = 9000
Emotion
  Happy and interested in life 25.0% 41.2% < 0.0001
  Somewhat happy 44.1% 39.1%
  Somewhat unhappy 21.7% 14.4%
  Very unhappy 6.7% 3.7%
  So unhappy that life is not worthwhile 2.6% 1.7%
  Mean (SD) 2.2 (1) 1.9 (0.9) < 0.0001
MG-QoL-15r N = 1117 N = 9000
 I feel frustrated
  Not at all 23.5% 52.5% < 0.0001
  Somewhat 52.3% 38.2%
  Very much 24.2% 9.3%
  Mean (SD) 1.0 (0.7) 0.6 (0.6) < 0.0001
 I am depressed
  Not at all 43.7% 66.6% < 0.0001
  Somewhat 45.0% 25.7%
  Very much 11.3% 7.7%
  Mean (SD) 0.7 (0.7) 0.4 (0.6) < 0.0001
 I feel overwhelmed
  Not at all 44.4% 70.0% < 0.0001
  Somewhat 42.3% 22.4%
  Very much 13.3% 7.6%
  Mean (SD) 0.7 (0.7) 0.4 (0.6) < 0.0001

aScores of 0–7 represent “normal” levels of anxiety or depression; scores of 8–10 represent “borderline”; and mean total scores of 11 or more on indicate a “significant case of psychological morbidity”