. 2024 Jan 18;196(2):170. doi: 10.1007/s10661-023-12283-6

Table 2.

Concentrations of evaluated elements (mg kg⁻¹ dry wt) in leafy vegetables from markets in Johannesburg

Market	Sample number	Al	As	Cd	Co	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Zn
Open-air markets (unwashed, OMUW)	CorUW1	3571	11.5	191.90	20.26	276	49.71	9.76	822.20	0.0487	190.60
	LetUW2	154.80	0.22	31.55	1.45	66.65	12.65	1.68	129.60	0.0296	125.10
	MinUW3	1250	0.7213	24.29	0.8891	9.41	64.28	0.4973	26.94	0.0422	477.2
	SprUW4	417.80	0.3327	5.71	1.29	10.53	20.79	0.176	8.044	0.0285	121.4
	SwiUW5	1676	0.5761	3.91	7.97	23.85	85.19	0.1332	7.572	0.0387	278.90
	Mean ± SD	1413.92 ± 1353.35	2.56 ± 4.99	51.47 ± 79.39	6.37 ± 8.29	74.31 ± 115.41	46.52 ± 30.12	2.45 ± 4.13	198.71 ± 352.21	0.0376 ± 0.008	238.64 ± 147.88
Open-air markets (washed, OMW)	CorW6	3146	1.31	6.61	2.61	19.82	38.18	0.2401	10.5	0.0311	147.30
	LetW7	56.22	0.2117	1.39	1.11	3.92	7.76	0.1006	4.529	0.0319	81.86
	MinW8	566.30	0.5105	17.24	1.64	8.87	64.48	0.2514	11.52	0.0331	209.40
	SprW9	168.50	0.3095	3.99	1.41	4.93	14.74	0.2129	5.923	0.0344	128.50
	SwiW10	284	0.2774	4.97	7.87	8.99	70.03	0.201	6.789	0.0347	259.10
	Mean ± SD	844.20 ± 1300.66	0.6321 ± 0.43	6.84 ± 6.11	2.93 ± 2.81	12.28 ± 9.02	39.03 ± 28.18	0.2012 ± 0.05	8.00 ± 2.96	0.0330 ± 0.001	165.23 ± 69.61
Supermarkets (washed, SMW)	CorW11	270.80	0.3174	3.68	0.8298	5.83	39.18	0.1281	18.11	0.0343	216.70
	LetW12	48.76	0.2248	2.55	2.84	5.47	32.14	0.1327	13.14	0.02657	223.90
	MinW13	775	0.5375	2.09	1.10	43.65	35.03	0.1586	16.87	0.02775	132.90
	SprW14	216.70	0.3179	2.11	1.26	7.21	21.86	0.1042	12.33	0.0242	150.60
	SwiW15	279.30	0.4044	2.04	4.91	7.07	34.41	0.1069	10.41	0.03084	394.90
	Mean ± SD	318.11 ± 271.72	0.3604 ± 0.11	2.50 ± 0.69	2.19 ± 1.71	13.85 ± 16.67	32.52 ± 6.48	0.1261 ± 0.02	14.17 ± 3.21	0.0287 ± 0.003	223.80 ± 103.61
Vegetable markets (washed, VMW)	CorW16	730.60	0.3448	1.95	1.18	5.78	34.30	0.1315	18.06	0.02662	249.30
	LetW17	397.40	0.2829	1.32	3.44	4.56	23.94	0.1749	6.69	0.01853	195.80
	MinW18	176	0.4263	2.37	1.49	12.57	87.60	0.1582	24.67	0.03181	224.30
	SprW19	500.30	0.4035	1.91	1.36	10.51	14.81	0.1163	7.06	0.02087	213.40
	SwiW20	517.50	0.3607	2.95	7.11	5.52	45.56	0.1142	7.10	0.03255	163.80
	Mean ± SD	464.36 ± 201.64	0.3636 ± 0.05	2.10 ± 0.60	2.92 ± 2.51	7.79 ± 3.52	41.24 ± 28.34	0.1390 ± 0.02	12.71 ± 8.23	0.0260 ± 0.006	209.32 ± 31.99
FAO/WHO permissible level		12‒71^a	0.2^b	0.2^c	50^d	2.3^d	73.3^d	0.5^e	66.9^d	0.3^d	99.4^d

^aNuapia et al., 2018

^bCAC, 2014

^cSultana et al., 2022

^dRahmdel et al., 2018

^eSsenku et al., 2023