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. 2024 Jan 5;16:1305208. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1305208

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Copyright © 2024 Bian, Wang, Wang and Lou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Possible pathways for exercise to improve brain health through Apelin. Apelin released in response to exercise binds the G protein-coupled receptor APJ, improving ND pathology through multiple pathways. BBB, blood-brain barrier.