TABLE 2.
The relationship between exercise forms and apelin levels.
| Exerkines | Exercise | Intensity and duration | Sample | Subject | Modulation |
| Apelin | Aerobic exercise | Single | Blood | Male human (Son et al., 2019; Ligetvari et al., 2023) Male rats (Kon et al., 2022) | ↑ |
| Male human (Dogru et al., 2021; Tee et al., 2023) Human (Waller et al., 2019) | – | ||||
| Muscle, adipose tissue, heart, or liver | Male rats (Kon et al., 2022) | – | |||
| Short-term (within 8 weeks) |
Blood | Pregnant female mice (Son et al., 2022) | ↑ | ||
| Male rats (Son et al., 2017) | – | ||||
| Muscle | Male rats (Son et al., 2017) | ↑ | |||
| Mice (Ji et al., 2017) | – | ||||
| Heart | Male rats (Ashraf and Roshan, 2012) | ↑ | |||
| Long-term (over 8 weeks) |
Blood | Adolescent human (Dundar et al., 2021) | ↑ | ||
| Male rats (Delavar and Heidarianpour, 2016) Middle-aged obese human (Sheibani et al., 2012; Galedari et al., 2017; Otero-Diaz et al., 2018; Dodevska et al., 2021) | ↓ | ||||
| Male rats (Kazemi and Zahediasl, 2018) | – | ||||
| Resistance exercise | Single | Blood | Male human (Bilski et al., 2016; Fortunato et al., 2018; Kon and Suzuki, 2022) | ↑ | |
| Short-term (within 8 weeks) |
Blood | Middle-aged male human (Akyüz et al., 2021) | ↓ | ||
| Long-term (over 8 weeks) |
Blood | Postmenopausal women (Ghanbari-Niaki et al., 2020) | ↑ | ||
| Middle-aged male human (Galedari et al., 2017) | ↓ | ||||
| HIIT | Single | Blood | Male human (Kon et al., 2021) | ↑ | |
| Long term (over 8 weeks) |
Blood | Middle-aged male human (Galedari et al., 2017) | ↓ | ||
| Daily physical activity | Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue | Human (Mahmoodi et al., 2019) | ↑ | ||
HIIT, high-intensity interval training.