TABLE 3.
The relationship between exercise forms and KYNA levels.
| Exerkines | Exercise | Intensity and duration | Sample | Subject | Modulation |
| KYNA (kynurenine pathway) | Aerobic exercise | Single | Hippocampus | Rats (Yamamoto et al., 2012) | ↑KYNA ↑QUIN |
| Short-term (within 8 weeks) |
Hippocampus | Rats (Yamamoto et al., 2012) | ↑KYNA ↑QUIN |
||
| Muscle | Male human (Schlittler et al., 2016) OVX mice (Shi et al., 2022) | ↑KATs | |||
| Blood | Male human (Schlittler et al., 2016) Male mice (Lee K. J. et al., 2017) BDNF val knock-in mice (Ieraci et al., 2020) OVX mice (Shi et al., 2022) | ↑KYNA | |||
| Sweat | Aged 25 to 65 human with mild to moderate lower back pain (Saran et al., 2021) | ↑KYNA ↓KYN |
|||
| Long term (over 8 weeks) |
Blood | Patients with depression (Millischer et al., 2017) | – | ||
| Resistance exercise | Long term (over 8 weeks) |
Blood | Breast cancer patients (Zimmer et al., 2019) | ↓KYN | |
| Stretching training | Long term (over 8 weeks) |
Blood | Human (Javelle et al., 2021) | ↓KYNA/QA ↓KYN/QA | |
| HIIT | Long term (over 8 weeks) |
Blood | Human (Javelle et al., 2021) | ↓KYNA/QA ↓KYN/QA |
HIIT, high-intensity interval training; OVX, ovariectomized.