Intricate networks of neural dysfunction, maladaptive plasticity, and immune responses characterize the pathophysiology of Neuropathic pain (NP).

The connection between the gut microbiota (GM) and the nervous system might represent a novel treatment for NP by affecting immune mediators, metabolites and nervous structures involved in this communication.

The gut–brain axis mediators include short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, tryptophan metabolites, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, bile acids, cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript, substance P and calcitonin gene-regulated peptide.

This review aims to provide an overview of the potential strategies to treat NP by GM modulation, such as probiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation and diet supplements.

The precise mechanisms by which GM influence NP are complex and multifaceted, necessitating additional research.