Table 7.

Male studies’ results.

Author (year)	Study setting	SHBG	Testosterone	Prolactin	Offspring sex ratio	Sperm motility	Sperm vitality	Sperm concentration	Sperm DNA fragmentation
Little et al.33	Space				↓ males (43.75%)
Smith et al.30	Space	≈	≈ during the flight, ↓ on landing day
	Space		↓ after the flight
	Earth		≈ during the BR, ↓ 7 days before and 5 days after the BR
Boada et al.35	Earth					≈	≈		≈
Ikeuchi et al.31	Earth					↓
Kumar et al.22	Earth					↓	↓		↑
Zhou et al.23	Earth					↓		↓	↑
Belavý et al.6	Earth	↓ after BR	↑ in the first 3 weeks, ≈ after BR	≈ after BR
Liang et al.28	Earth		≈
Smorawinski et al.29	Earth		≈
Zachwieja et al.10	Earth		≈
Loder et al.25	Earth		↓

↓, statistically significant decrease; ≈, no statistically significant difference; ↑, statistically significant increase; BR bed rest, SHBG sex hormone-binding globulin.