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. 2024 Jan 18;14:34. doi: 10.1038/s41398-024-02755-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A The number of trials of 20-month-old NT mice (Veh: n = 15, Met: n = 16; p = 0.825; t test) in the FR schedule. B The breakpoint of 20-month-old NT mice (Veh: n = 15, Met: n = 16; p = 0.761; RM ANOVA) in the PR schedule. C Accuracy (p = 0.721), (D) omission (p = 0.522), and the number of (E) premature responses (p = 0.889) and perseverative responses to (F) correct stimuli (Main effect of group, p = 0.076; group by SD interaction, p = 0.046; simple effect of group in SD 1.0 s, p = 0.023) and (G) incorrect stimuli (p = 0.286; mixed effects model) of 22-month-old NT mice (Veh: n = 15, Met: n = 16) by SD in the 5-CSRT task. H Accuracy (p = 0.623) and (I) the number of correction trials (p = 0.637; mixed effects model) of 22-month-old NT mice (Veh: n = 14, Met: n = 16) in the dPAL task. The block consisted of approximately 300 trials (288–324) as the number of trials per session gradually increased. J Accuracy of 24-month-old NT mice (Veh, n = 14; Met, n = 16; dPAL, p = 0.825; sPAL, p = 0.336; t test) in the sPAL task. K Accuracy of 25-month-old NT mice (Veh: n = 14, Met: n = 16; p = 0.219; mixed effects model) in the retention sessions of the sPAL task. L Stimuli used in the VD task. The number of (M) trials (p = 0.025) and (N) correction trials (p = 0.046; t test) to accomplish the criterion of 25-month-old NT mice (Veh: n = 14, Met: n = 15) in the VD task. O Stimuli used in the reversal task. P The number of trials to accomplish the criterion of 26-month-old NT mice (Veh: n = 15, Met: n = 16; p = 0.650; t test) in the reversal task. Q Accuracy of 29-month-old NT mice (Veh: n = 15, Met: n = 16; p = 0.025; mixed effects model) in the reversal retention session. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 versus Veh. NT, non-transgenic C57BL/6 mice; Veh Vehicle, Met Metformin, SD stimulus duration, BL baseline, VD visual discrimination.