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. 2024 Jan 18;14:34. doi: 10.1038/s41398-024-02755-9

Fig. 4. Long-term metformin treatment upregulated AMPKα1 expression and aggravated AD pathology in AD mice.

Fig. 4

Western blot analysis band images and quantification of (A) ACC and AMPKα expression and their phosphorylation levels (p-ACC, p = 0.709; ACC, p = 0.589; p-ACC/ACC, p = 0.525; p-AMPKα, p = 0.318; AMPKα, p = 0.535; p-AMPKα/AMPKα, p = 0.280), (B) AMPKα1- and α2-subunit expression (AMPKα1, p = 0.008; AMPKα2, p = 0.550), and (C) APP, sAPPβ, Aβ, ADAM10, TACE, and BACE1 expression [APP, p = 0.781; sAPPβ, p = 0.622; Aβ (70 kDa), p = 0.002; Aβ (25 kDa), p = 0.074; ADAM10, p = 0.626; TACE, p = 0.014; BACE1, p = 0.742; t test] in the hippocampus of 17-month-old AD mice (Veh: n = 5, Met: n = 5). D Representative immunohistochemistry images of D56D2-positive Aβ deposition and quantification of the percentage of Aβ plaque-positive area and the number of Aβ plaques in the hippocampus of 17-month-old AD mice (Veh: n = 6, Met: n = 4; area, p = 0.005; number; p = 0.052; t test). Scale bar: 500 μm. Western blot analysis band images and quantification of (E) p-tau and t-tau expression (F) GSK3α, GSK3β, and phosphorylated GSK3β expression (GSK3α, p = 0.015; p-GSK3β, p = 0.081; GSK3β, p = 0.009; t test) in the hippocampus of 17-month-old AD mice (Veh: n = 5, Met: n = 5). G The survival rate of AD mice (Veh: n = 6, Met: n = 6; p = 0.317; log-rank test) during metformin treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus Veh. Veh, Vehicle, Met Metformin.