Table 5.
Description of urination behaviors with different characteristics.
| Total | Males | Females | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| na | Day | Night | Day | Night | na | Day | Night | ||||||||
| Numbersb | >7 N (%)c | Numbersb | ≥1 N (%)d | na | Numbersb | >7 N (%)c | Numbersb | ≥ 1 N (%)d | Numbersb | >7 N (%)c | Numbersb | ≥1 N (%)d | |||
| Total | 524 | 7.0 (2.4) | 232 (44.3) | 0.7 (0.9) | 406 (77.5) | 23 | 7.0 (2.4) | 99 (42.5) | 0.7 (0.7) | 192 (82.4) | 29 | 7.0 (2.6) | 133 (45.7) | 0.7 (1.0) | 214 (73.5) |
| Z | 0.810 | 0.542 | 1.449 | 5.827 | |||||||||||
| p | 0.368 | 0.462 | 0.229 | 0.016# | |||||||||||
| Cities | |||||||||||||||
| Taiyuan | 93 | 6.9 (2.8)d | 39 (41.9)c | 0.7 (0.9)c | 74 (79.6)c | 39 | 6.3 (3.0)d | 14 (35.9) | 0.7 (0.9)c | 32 (82.1) | 54 | 6.9 (2.9)c | 25 (46.3)c | 0.7 (0.9)c | 42 (77.8)c |
| Jinan | 96 | 6.4 (2.6)c | 28 (29.2)c | 0.7 (0.7)c | 79 (82.3)c | 48 | 6.5 (2.5)c | 16 (33.3) | 0.7 (0.7)c | 39 (81.3) | 48 | 6.3 (2.8)d | 12 (25.0)d | 0.7 (0.6)c | 40 (83.3)c |
| Hefei | 121 | 6.3 (2.3)e | 40 (33.1)d | 0.9 (0.4)d | 110 (90.9)d | 53 | 6.7 (2.0)e | 19 (35.8) | 0.9 (0.4)d | 48 (90.6) | 68 | 6.0 (2.5)e | 21 (30.9)e | 0.7 (0.6)c | 62 (91.2)d |
| Nanchang | 116 | 7.3 (3.0)f | 63 (54.3)c | 0.6 (1.0)e | 84 (72.4)e | 54 | 7.1 (3.3)d | 27 (50.0) | 0.7 (0.8)c | 44 (81.5) | 62 | 7.6 (2.5)f | 36 (58.1)f | 0.6 (1.0)d | 40 (64.5)c |
| Guangzhou | 98 | 7.5 (1.7)e | 62 (63.3)d | 0.3 (1.0)f | 59 (60.2)f | 39 | 7.3 (2.7)e | 23 (59.0) | 0.7 (1.0)c | 29 (74.4) | 59 | 7.7 (1.4)f | 39 (66.1)f | 0.1 (0.6)e | 30 (50.8)e |
| H | 44.337 | 34.318 | 31.362 | 32.483 | 13.784 | 8.880 | 4.407 | 4.255 | 31.753 | 28.028 | 34.938 | 31.492 | |||
| p | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | 0.064 | <0.001* | 0.373 | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | |||
| Age (y) | |||||||||||||||
| ≥60, <65 | 104 | 6.9 (2.3) | 39 (37.5) | 0.4 (1.0)c | 71 (68.3) | 38 | 6.3 (1.8) | 11 (28.9) | 0.7 (0.8) | 30 (78.9) | 66 | 7.0 (2.3) | 28 (42.4) | 0.4 (1.0)c | 41 (62.1) |
| ≥65, <70 | 149 | 7.0 (2.6) | 73 (49.0) | 0.7 (0.9)d | 119 (79.9) | 45 | 6.9 (3.0) | 22 (48.9) | 0.9 (0.8) | 40 (88.9) | 10 | 7.0 (2.5) | 51 (49.0) | 0.7 (0.9)d | 79 (76.0) |
| ≥70, <75 | 155 | 7.0 (2.6) | 69 (44.5) | 0.9 (0.7)e | 121 (78.1) | 82 | 7.0 (2.3) | 36 (43.9) | 0.7 (0.9) | 64 (78.0) | 73 | 7.0 (2.9) | 33 (45.2) | 0.9 (0.6)e | 57 (78.1) |
| ≥75, <80 | 116 | 7.0 (2.6) | 51 (44.0) | 0.7 (0.7)d | 95 (81.9) | 68 | 7.0 (2.1) | 30 (44.1) | 0.7 (0.7) | 58 (85.3) | 48 | 6.7 (3.3) | 21 (43.8) | 0.7 (0.9)d | 37 (77.1) |
| H | 1.848 | 3.287 | 9.130 | 6.870 | 3.796 | 3.747 | 2.086 | 3.083 | 0.704 | 0.833 | 8.338 | 5.82 | |||
| p | 0.605 | 0.349 | 0.028* | 0.076 | 0.284 | 0.290 | 0.555 | 0.379 | 0.872 | 0.842 | 0.040* | 0.121 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||||||
| 17.8 ~ 24.4 | 131 | 7.3 (2.6)c | 70 (53.4) | 0.7 (1.0)c | 98 (74.8)c | 54 | 7.3 (3.1)c | 32 (59.3)c | 0.8 (0.6)c | 44 (81.5) | 77 | 7.0 (2.4) | 38 (49.4) | 0.4 (1.0)c | 54 (70.1) |
| 24.5 ~ 25.7 | 131 | 7.0 (2.7)d | 58 (44.3) | 0.7 (0.7)c | 107 (81.7)d | 62 | 7.0 (2.5)d | 27 (43.5)d | 0.7 (0.9)d | 52 (83.9) | 69 | 7.0 (3.0) | 31 (44.9) | 0.9 (0.6)d | 55 (79.1) |
| 25.8 ~ 27.7 | 131 | 7.0 (2.3)d | 56 (42.7) | 0.9 (0.6)d | 109 (83.2)d | 68 | 6.7 (2.1)e | 22 (32.4)d | 0.9 (0.7)e | 59 (86.8) | 63 | 7.4 (2.7) | 34 (54.0) | 0.9 (0.6)d | 50 (79.4) |
| 27.7 ~ 36.6 | 131 | 6.7 (2.1)e | 48 (36.6) | 0.6 (1.0)e | 92 (70.2)e | 49 | 6.4 (2.4)f | 18 (36.7)e | 0.6 (0.8)f | 37 (75.5) | 82 | 6.9 (2.0) | 30 (36.6) | 0.5 (1.0)c | 55 (67.1) |
| H | 8.686 | 7.673 | 0.000 | 8.269 | 8.851 | 9.767 | 7.689 | 2.621 | 0.000 | 4.911 | 0.000 | 4.671 | |||
| p | 0.034* | 0.053 | 0.002* | 0.041* | 0.031* | 0.021* | 0.053 | 0.454 | 0.312 | 0.178 | 0.009* | 0.198 | |||
aValues presented as numbers of each group and compared using chi-squared test. bValues presented as median (quartile ranges) and compared using the Kruskal–Wallis H test. cValues means the number (percentages) of participants who have more than 7 urinations in a day. These were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis H test. d Values means the number (percentages) of participants who have urination at night (Once participants engaged in urination at night, they were included in the “≥ 1” group, otherwise they were not). These were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis H test. The four groups of BMI were divided according to the quartile range of BMI. #Means that there was significant difference between males and females. *Means that there was significant difference among participants in different cities/age groups/BMI groups, as the value of p was less than 0.05. c–gThe same symbol indicates that there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups; different symbols indicate that the differences were statistically significant between the two groups. BMI, body mass index (kg/m2).