Table 1.
Comparisons of baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between ED+ and ED- groups.
| ED- (n = 59) |
ED+ (n = 56) |
All (n = 115) |
Statistics, df | value of p | Effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, % | 15, 25.4% | 22, 39.3% | 37, 32.2% | Χ2 = 2.53, 1 | 0.112 | |
| Age (years) | 31.4 ± 9.0 | 36.0 ± 9.1 | 33.6 ± 9.3 | T = -2.69, 113 | 0.008 | d = 0.50 |
| Weight (kg)* | 80.1 ± 17.0 | 79.5 ± 18.5 | 79.8 ± 17.6 | F = 0.43, 1 | 0.513 | η2 = 0.004 |
| Height (cm)* | 178.8 ± 8.8 | 175.0 ± 11.6 | 176.9 ± 10.4 | F = 1.40, 1 | 0.239 | η2 = 0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 4.7 | 25.8 ± 4.7 | 25.4 ± 4.7 | T = -0.91, 113 | 0.365 | d = 0.17 |
| Dosage (mg) | Χ2 = 1.67, 2 | 0.432 | ||||
| 40 mg, % | 1.7% | 5.4% | 3.5% | |||
| 60 mg, % | 25.4 | 30.4% | 27.8% | |||
| 80 mg, % | 72.9% | 64.3% | 68.7% | |||
| Handedness | Fisher’s test | 0.438 | ||||
| Right-handed (%) | 88.1% | 92.9% | 90.4% | |||
| Left-handed (%) | 8.5% | 3.6% | 6.3% | |||
| Ambidextrous (%) | 0% | 1.8% | 0.9% | |||
| WURS-K | 40.5 ± 11.3 | 47.4 ± 10.4 | 43.9 ± 11.4 | T = -3.35, 110 | 0.001 | d = 0.63 |
| CAARS (T-score) | ||||||
| IA/ME | 75.9 ± 10.4 | 83.7 ± 7.8 | 79.7 ± 10.0 | T = -4.54, 107.7 | <0.001 | g = 0.84 |
| IMP/EL* | 57.5 ± 8.3 | 80.2 ± 6.9 | 68.5 ± 13.7 | F = 246.47, 1 | <0.001 | η2 = 0.69 |
| HY/RE* | 68.5 ± 13.6 | 75.3 ± 10.9 | 71.8 ± 12.7 | F = 7.28, 1 | 0.008 | η2 = 0.06 |
| SC | 63.3 ± 14.0 | 71.3 ± 11.6 | 67.1 ± 13.5 | T = -3.31, 113 | 0.001 | d = 0.62 |
| DSM-IA | 79.1 ± 9.9 | 84.6 ± 7.3 | 81.8 ± 9.1 | T = -3.46, 107.0 | <0.001 | g = 0.64 |
| DSM-HYI* | 65.9 ± 10.7 | 78.4 ± 10.0 | 72.0 ± 12.1 | F = 38.02, 1 | <0.001 | η2 = 0.25 |
| DSM-G* | 75.3 ± 9.4 | 84.8 ± 6.0 | 80.0 ± 9.2 | F = 37.66, 1 | <0.001 | η2 = 0.25 |
| ADHD-Index | 72.5 ± 8.2 | 82.9 ± 5.9 | 77.6 ± 8.8 | T = -7.81, 105.8 | <0.001 | g = 1.44 |
| ADHD-SB (Sum) | ||||||
| G | 40.1 ± 7.3 | 45.1 ± 10.2 | 42.6 ± 9.2 | T = -3.00, 113 | 0.003 | d = 0.56 |
| IA | 17.2 ± 3.5 | 18.5 ± 4.8 | 17.8 ± 4.2 | T = -1.67, 113 | 0.097 | d = 0.31 |
| HY | 7.6 ± 3.3 | 8.8 ± 3.4 | 8.2 ± 3.4 | T = -1.89, 113 | 0.061 | d = 0.35 |
| I* | 6.1 ± 2.5 | 7.7 ± 2.6 | 6.9.2 ± 2.7 | F = 9.89, 1 | 0.002 | η2 = 0.08 |
| ASRS (Sum) | ||||||
| Part A | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 0–9 | T = -1.73, 111 | 0.086 | d = 0.33 |
| Part B | 8.3 ± 2.2 | 10.0 ± 2.0 | 9.1 ± 2.3 | T = -4.16, 113 | <0.001 | d = 0.78 |
| BDI (Sum) | 8.8 ± 7.4 | 14.6 ± 12.8 | 11.6 ± 10.7 | T = -2.92, 87.3 | 0.005 | g = 0.55 |
| Subgroup (%) | Χ2 = 9.96, 1 | 0.002 | ||||
| BDI > 13 | 12, 20.3% (range of score 15–35) | 27, 48.2% (range of score 14–43) | 39, 33.9% (range of score 14–43) | |||
| BDI ≤ 13 | 47, 79.7% (range of score 0–13) | 29, 51.8% (range of score 0–13) | 76, 66.1% (range of score 0–13) | |||
| CGI-S (Sum) | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | T = -1.64, 90.1 | 0.105 | g = 0.31 |
| IIP (Sum)* | 87.8 ± 32.1 | 116.0 ± 29.6 | 101.6 ± 33.9 | F = 21.60, 1 | <0.001 | η2 = 0.16 |
| WHOQOL-BREF (Sum) | 256.1 ± 40.4 | 225.9 ± 50.6 | 241.4 ± 47.9 | T = 3.55, 113 | <0.001 | d = 0.66 |
| Physical health | 66.0 ± 12.1 | 61.5 ± 15.8 | 63.8 ± 14.2 | T = 1.69, 113 | 0.094 | d = 0.32 |
| Psychological health | 57.1 ± 14.2 | 48.6 ± 17.4 | 53.0 ± 16.3 | T = 2.90, 113 | 0.005 | d = 0.54 |
| Social relationship | 60.2 ± 18.114.6 | 50.6 ± 19.7 | 55.5 ± 19.4 | T = 2.72, 113 | 0.008 | d = 0.51 |
| Environment | 72.8 ± 13.2 | 65.2± | 69.1 ± 14.3 | T = 2.95, 113 | 0.004 | d = 0.55 |
Entries are mean ± standard deviation or numbers (%).
Bold fonts indicate statistical significance; the statistical significance value for these tests was set at 0.05.
d indicates effect sizes were estimated by Cohen’s d.
g indicates effect sizes were estimated by Hedge’s g in case of unequal group variance using the pooled standard variance.
*for these variables ANCOVA was executed with sex as co-variant.