Table 2.

Summary of key results related to cryomesh design and performance.

Design factors	Considerations and tests	Reference
Thermal properties of cryomesh	Materials choice—thermal conductivity k ≥ 10 W m−1 K−1 (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, diamond, or copper)	Figures 2 and 3
	Commercially available cryomesh material	Figure S8, Supporting Information
Physical dimensions	Wire diameter: D ≤ 50 µm	Figure 2
	Solid fraction of mesh: 0.65 ≥ Ф ≥ 0.5	Figure S7, Supporting Information
	Critical length scales	Table S2, Supporting Information
	Commercially available cryomesh sizes	Figure S8, Supporting Information
	Mesh physical properties	Table S3 and S8, Supporting Information
Achievable cooling rates	Mesh alone	Figure S13, Supporting Information
	Horizontal versus vertical plunge	Figures S11–S13, Supporting Information
	Biosystem thickness	Figures S9 and S13, Supporting Information
Achievable rewarming rates	Estimated rate (different materials and thicknesses)	Figure S15, Supporting Information
	Validation of estimated rate (s. steel and nylon)	Figure S16, Supporting Information
Scalability to larger cryomesh area	Impact of frame size	Figure S14, Supporting Information
Validation with model biosystems	Coral larvae (survival rate with threshold cooling rate)	Figure 4
	Drosophila embryo (hatch rate, vitrification rate with threshold cooling rate)	Figure 5 and Figure S17, Supporting Information
	Zebrafish embryo (vitrification rate with threshold cooling rate)	Figure 6 and Figure S19, Supporting Information
Further optimization	Mesh improvement opportunities	Table S4, Supporting Information
	Expected impact of improvements on biosystems	Figure S20, Supporting Information
	Physical limits of design	Figures S21 and S22, Supporting Information