Table 3. Incidence rate ratios from individual countries where the incidences of Period II (2012–2019) were compared with those of Period I (1995–2011), five Nordic countries (n = 2,339).

	Early-onset GBS disease	Late-onset GBS disease
	IRR (95% CI) Period II / Period I	IRR (95% CI) Period II / Period I
Denmark	0.89 (0.70–1.5)	0.95 (0.71–1.3)
Finland	0.42 (0.34–0.52)	0.84 (0.66–1.1)
Iceland	0.34 (0.15–0.81)	1.6 (0.86–2.9)
Norwaya	0.72 (0.59–0.88)	1.44 (1.2–1.8)
Swedenb	0.97 (0.85–1.1)	NA
Nordic countries excluding Finland	0.89 (0.80–1.0) c,d	1.3 (1.1–1.5) b,e

CI: confidence interval; GBS: group B Streptococcus; IRR: incidence rate ratio; NA: not available.

^a 1995–2011 vs 2012–2018.

^b 1997–2001 and 2006–2011 vs 2012–2019.

^c 1997–2001 and 2006–2011 vs 2012–2018.

^d Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Iceland.

^e Denmark, Norway and Iceland.

In 2012, Finland initiated universal GBS screening of all pregnant women, whereas the other Nordic countries continued to use risk-based assessment for prophylaxis.