Table 3.
Causal inference between educational attainment and neuropsychiatric traits using two-sample MR.
| Outcome | Direction | Method | N_snp | Causal_Effect_Size | 95% CI | p_value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | Forward | Inverse variance weighted | 63 | −0.059 | (−0.098, −0.020) | 0.0028 |
| Reverse | Inverse variance weighted | 24 | 0.030 | (−0.029, 0.088) | 0.3191 | |
| ADHD | Forward | Inverse variance weighted | 54 | −0.699 | (−0.941, −0.456) | 1.62E-08 |
| Reverse | Inverse variance weighted | 8 | −0.095 | (−0.130, −0.060) | 8.46E-08 | |
| ALS | Forward | Inverse variance weighted | 58 | −0.264 | (−0.548, 0.019) | 0.0679 |
| Reverse | Inverse variance weighted | 4 | −0.015 | (−0.037, 0.007) | 0.1799 | |
| AN | Forward | Inverse variance weighted | 44 | 0.333 | (0.078, 0.588) | 0.01055 |
| Reverse | Inverse variance weighted | 11 | 0.012 | (−0.025, 0.049) | 0.5185 | |
| ASD | Forward | Inverse variance weighted | 53 | 0.369 | (0.136, 0.602) | 0.0019 |
| Reverse | Inverse variance weighted | 9 | 0.004 | (−0.051, 0.059) | 0.8804 | |
| AUD | Forward | Inverse variance weighted | 61 | 0.040 | (0.009, 0.071) | 0.01048 |
| Reverse | Inverse variance weighted | 6 | −0.178 | (−0.539, 0.183) | 0.3344 | |
| BIP | Forward | Inverse variance weighted | 47 | 0.245 | (−0.016, 0.506) | 0.0662 |
| Reverse | Inverse variance weighted | 11 | 0.0360 | (0.000, 0.071) | 0.0481 | |
| CUD | Forward | Inverse variance weighted | 63 | −0.688 | (−1.058, −0.318) | 0.0003 |
| Reverse | Inverse variance weighted | 11 | −0.039 | (−0.065, −0.014) | 0.0024 | |
| MDD | Forward | Inverse variance weighted | 39 | −0.075 | (−0.290, 0.140) | 0.4956 |
| Reverse | Inverse variance weighted | 4 | 0.010 | (−0.133, 0.153) | 0.8921 | |
| OCD | Forward | Inverse variance weighted | 46 | −0.072 | (−0.678, 0.534) | 0.8150 |
| Reverse | Inverse variance weighted | 11 | −0.004 | (−0.015, 0.006) | 0.3963 | |
| PTSD | Forward | Inverse variance weighted | 61 | 0.0160 | (−0.222, 0.254) | 0.8954 |
| Reverse | Inverse variance weighted | 4 | −0.034 | (−0.083, 0.014) | 0.1662 | |
| SCZ | Forward | Inverse variance weighted | 43 | 0.152 | (−0.063, 0.368) | 0.1661 |
| Reverse | Inverse variance weighted | 65 | 0.003 | (−0.017, 0.023) | 0.7721 | |
| TS | Forward | Inverse variance weighted | 42 | 0.009 | (−0.488, 0.505) | 0.9731 |
| Reverse | Inverse variance weighted | 16 | −0.015 | (−0.043,0.014) | 0.3224 |
*, The causal effect size was the beta coefficient from linear or logistic regression models for corresponding outcome; MR: Mendelian randomization; Direction: Forward means the causal effect size of EA on neuropsychiatric traits, Reverse means the causal effect size of neuropsychiatric traits on EA; N_snp: number of instrumental variables; The threshold of significance was at the Bonferroni-adjusted level p-value < 0.0038(0.05/13). AD, Alzheimer’s dementia; ADHD, Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ALS, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AN, Anorexia nervosa; ASD:,Autism spectrum disorders; AUD, Alcohol use disorders; BIP, Bipolar disorder; CUD, Cannabis use disorder; MDD, Major depressive disorder; OCD, Obsessive compulsive disorder; PTSD, Posttraumatic stress disorder; TS, Tourette’s syndrome.