Table 2.
Relative Risks for Prevalent MAM by Baseline Participant Characteristics (n = 4453)
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Prevalence Ratio | P value | Prevalence Ratio | P value |
| Country | ||||
| India | Ref | Ref | ||
| Tanzania | 0.41 (0.35, 0.49) | < 0.001 | 0.37 (0.30, 0.44) | < 0.001 |
| Maternal age > 25 years | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.82 (0.70, 0.95) | 0.008 | 0.92 (0.80, 1.07) | 0.30 |
| Maternal education > 7 years | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.94 (0.80, 1.09) | 0.39 | ||
| Child age, month | ||||
| 6- < 12 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 12 to < 24 | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02 | 0.07 | 0.83 (0.70, 0.99) | 0.04 |
| 24 to < 60 | 0.57 (0.48, 0.69) | < 0.001 | 0.46 (0.38, 0.56) | < 0.001 |
| Child sex | ||||
| Female | Ref | |||
| Male | 0.96 (0.83, 1.12) | 0.61 | ||
| Household wealth index above median | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.78 (0.67, 0.91) | 0.002 | 0.79 (0.68, 0.92) | 0.002 |
| Breast-feeding before enrolment | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.33 (1.14, 1.55) | < 0.001 | ||
| Duration of diarrhoea before enrolment | ||||
| < = 24 h | Ref | Ref | ||
| 25 to 48 h | 0.86 (0.60, 1.23) | 0.40 | 0.79 (0.55, 1.13) | 0.20 |
| 49 to < 72 h | 0.67 (0.44, 1.02) | 0.06 | 0.93 (0.60, 1.42) | 0.72 |
| Dysentery | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.81 (0.52, 1.26) | 0.35 | ||
| Dehydration | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.35 (0.76, 2.37) | 0.30 | ||
| Axillary temperature > 38 °C | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.86 (0.52, 1.41) | 0.55 | ||
| Observed respiratory rate > 40 breaths/min | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.61 (0.41, 0.93) | 0.02 | 0.72 (0.47, 1.10) | 0.13 |
| Cough or difficulty breathing | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.29 (1.10, 1.51) | 0.001 | 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) | 0.60 |
| Previous use of antibiotic agent | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.26 (0.80, 1.98) | 0.32 | ||
| Plasma zinc concentration at enrolment < 65 µg/dl | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.79 (0.59, 1.04) | 0.09 | 1.13 (0.86, 1.49) | 0.38 |
| Improved water | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.66 (0.34, 1.29) | 0.23 | ||
| Improved sanitation | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.24 (0.43, 3.64) | 0.69 | ||
MAM was defined as WHZ/WLZ ≥ − 3 and < − 2 or MUAC ≥ 11.5 cm and < 12.5 cm
Children with SAM (WHZ < -3 or MUAC < 11.5 cm) were excluded from the analysis
Variables with P < 0.10 in univariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis. These variables were study site, maternal age > 25, child age in months, household wealth index above median, duration of diarrhoea before enrolment, observed respiratory rate > 40 breaths/min, cough or difficulty breathing and plasma zinc concentration at enrolment < 65 µg/dl