Table 5.

Summary of identified biomarkers by non-Omics and Omics studies.

Study	Diagnostic biomarkers	Prognostic biomarkers	Drug Response biomarkers
Non-omics	sIL-2R (37, 44, 46, 47), biomarker panels (25, 38, 52), NT-proBNP (39), KL-6 and CRP (46, 50), chitotriosidase (40), ACE and neopterin (44, 46), IL12 and IL18 (26), MMP-12 and ADAMDEC1 (27), SPD for uveitis (28), MMP-14 (29), chitotriosidase (30), AUF1, TIA and NCL mRNA (31), LP and CD4/CD8 ratio (32), B-cell-activating factor (34, 45)	U-8-OHdG (41–43), BNP (45), KL-6 (18), chitotriosidase (35), sIL-2R (48, 49)	Chitotriosidase (35)
Transcriptomics	Increased miR-155, miR-223, TLR/NOD signaling, intrinsic apoptosis, and inflammation (61), increased mRNA for ribosome biogenesis in BAL cells (62), GPNMB for CS (63), CTSS (53), transcript of PTGER4, AKR1C1, PLA2G6, AKR1C3, LTA4H, and PLA2G7 (54)	–	–
Proteomics	α-2 chain of haptoglobin (55), amyloid A (56), ZNF688 and ARFGAP1 (57), CD14 and LBP (23), protein panels (64–66)	–	–
Metabolomics	Six metabolites (58), p-coumaroylagmatine and palmitoylcarnitine (59)		Lipid profile (67)
Microbiomics	Corynebacteriales, Corynebacterium, and Neisseria.OTUID_476 (68)	–	–

All validated, high-quality biomarkers are highlighted in italic. sIL-2R, soluble interleukin 2 receptor; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide; KL-6, Krebs von den Lungen-6; CRP, c-reactive protein; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; SPD, surfactant protein D; TLR, toll-like receptor; NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–containing protein; BAL, bronchioalveolar lavage; GPNMB, transmembrane glycoprotein NMB; CS, cardiac sarcoidosis; CTSS, cathepsin S; LBP, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; U-8-OHdG, urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide. All others are the gene names. Note: All independently validate biomarkers are in italics.