Table 3.

SEV-mediated delivery of therapeutic materials as anticancer strategies

S. No	Types of cancers/cells targeted	Targeting ligands	Therapeutic payloads	Effects	References
1	Adenocarcinoma	iRGD peptide (Arg-Gly-Asp peptide)	Kirsten Ras oncogene short interfering RNA	Targets Kirsten Ras oncogene	[280]
2	Breast cancer	αv-integrin-specific iRGD peptide	Doxorubicin	Targeted delivery of doxorubicin	[281]
3	Breast cancer	GE11 peptide	miR-let7a	Targets EGFR-expressing tumors	[282]
4	Breast cancer	DARPin (For HER2-positive breast cancer)	Tpd50 siRNA	RNAi treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer	[283]
5	Triple negative breast cancer	Folate	Elastin	Ferroptosis induction in targeted cells	[284]
6	Epithelial carcinoma	Folate	siRNA within folate/SEV complex	Efficient cancer suppression	[285]
7	Breast cancer	SEVs conjugated with AS1411 Aptamer	Paclitaxel (PTX)	Targeted anticancer effects	[286]
8	Breast cancer	αCD3/αEGFR (for EGFR-positive breast cancer cells)	Smart-exosomes	Cell-free cancer immunotherapy	[287]
9	Triple negative breast cancer	NLS peptide	Photosensitizer	Dual-stage light-guided cell membrane and nucleus-targeted photodynamic treatment	[288]
10	Colorectal cancer	NLS peptide	Photosensitizer	Dual-stage light-guided cell membrane and nucleus-targeted photodynamic treatment	[288]
11	Colorectal cancer	HER affibody	5-fluorouracil, anti-miR-21	Reverses chemoresistance to improve treatment of cancer	[289]
12	Embryonic fibroblasts	mRNA	SIRPα	Increased SEV circulation time	[290]
13	Glioma	neuropilin-1-targeted peptide	Curcumin-SPION	Simultaneous diagnosis and therapy of glioma	[291]
14	Glioma	ApoA-1 mimetic peptide	Methotrexate, KLA (Lys-Leu-Ala)	Selective treatment of glioblastoma multiforme	[292]
15	Lung cancer	iRGD peptide (human alveolar basal epithelial cancer cells)	Kirsten Ras oncogene short interfering RNA	Targets Kirsten Ras oncogene	[280]
16	Lung cancer	A linear truncated form of LyP-1 (in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma)	SOX2 siRNA (silencing RNA)	Gene delivery for cancer therapy	[293]
17	Lung cancer	AA symmetrical bidentate ligand	PTX	Improves drug circulation and counteracts pulmonary metastases	[294]
18	Leukemia	IL-3	Imatinib, BCR-ABL siRNA	Inhibits cancer cell development, enhanced intratumoral accumulation	[295]
19	Glioma	Exosomes	Nucleic acids	Tumor suppression, inhibition of tumor growth	[296]
20	A549 stem cells	Linear truncated form of LyP-1	SOX2 siRNA (silencing RNA)	Gene delivery for cancer therapy	[297]
21	T-cells	αCD3/αEGFR (for EGFR-positive breast cancer cells)	Smart-exosomes	Cell-free cancer immunotherapy	[298]
22	T-cells	OVA antigen	Antigen	Enhances the immunogenicity of cancer vaccines	[278]