Table 2:

Adjusted association between Zip-code-level redlining proportion with the risk of heart failure in White and Black beneficiaries.

	Beneficiaries of Black Race		Beneficiaries of White Race
	RR (95% CI)	P Value	RR (95% CI)	P-Value
Model 1	1.09 (1.05–1.13)	<0.001	0.94 (0.88–0.99)	0.02
Model 2	1.08 (1.04–1.12)	<0.001	0.94 (0.89–0.99)	0.02
Model 3	1.04 (1.002–1.08)	0.04	0.90 (0.85–0.95)	<0.001

Zip-code-level redlining proportion assessed categorically as Quartile 4 (highest proportion of redlined area) compared to Quartiles 1–3 (reference, lowest proportion of redlined area).

Model 1 includes age + sex. Model 2 includes model 1 + comorbidities. Model 3 includes age, sex, comorbidities + Social Deprivation Index.

Models are generalized linear models, with patients’ variables as fixed effects, Zip-code as random intercept, with Poisson distribution and log time patient was alive as offset term.

Abbreviations: RR = risk ratio. CI = confidence interval.