Table 4.

Key dietary components associated with potential to have positive effects on overall gut integrity [3]

Componenta	Common food sources
Prebiotic fiber
Beta Glucan	Barley, mushroom, oat
Fructans	Asparagus, banana, barley, chicory root, garlic, honey, Jerusalem artichoke, leek, nectarine, onion, scallion, rye, wheat
Galacto-oligosaccharide	Cashew, legume (chickpea, red kidney bean, soybean, split pea), milk, pistachio, squash (butternut, pumpkin)
Pectin	Apple, banana, broccoli, carrot, dried pea, grapefruit, lemon, orange, potato, tomato
Resistant starch	banana, legume (black bean, dried pea, fava bean, lentil, pinto bean, soybean), whole Grain (barley, oat)
Xylo-oligosaccharide	Bamboo shoots and other vegetables, fruit, honey, milk
Polyphenol: subclass
Flavonoid: Anthocyanin	Black bean, blackberry, black currant, black raspberry, blueberry, cherry, cranberry, eggplant, pecan, purple sweet potato, red cabbage, red grape, red (or blood) orange, red radish, red raspberry
Tannin: Ellagitannin	Almond, blackberry, blueberry, cranberry, pecan, pomegranate, raspberry, strawberry, walnut
Probiotic: bacteria/yeast
Bifidobacterium Escherichia coli Lactobacilli Saccharomyces	Fermented dairy and nondairy sources: kefir, kimchi, kombucha, miso, sauerkraut, tempeh, yogurt
Amino Acid
Glutamine	Animal-based source: dairy (cheese, milk, yogurt), egg, meat, poultry, seafood Plant-based source: almond, cashew, kale, legume (chickpea, kidney bean, lentil, peanut, soybean), mushroom (shiitake), pistachio, seed (pumpkin, sunflower), red cabbage, spinach, tomato, whole grain (oat, quinoa, wheat) L-glutamine used as a food additive and nutritional supplement
Mineral
Zinc	Animal-based source: dairy (cheese, milk, yogurt), egg, meat (red), poultry (dark), shellfish (crab, lobster, oyster) Plant-based source: almond, legume (bean, lentil, pea), potato, seed (chia, pumpkin, sunflower), walnut, whole grain (oat, quinoa, wheat) Zinc-L-carnosine used as a nutritional supplement
Macronutrient
Fat	Modify a typical Western-style diet high in fat (e.g. saturated fat). A Mediterranean diet eating pattern with focus on healthy unsaturated fats (olive oil, nuts), plant- based choices (fruits, vegetables, whole grains) and lean protein sources (fish, legumes) may favorably impact intestinal gut function

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) food composition data resource at https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/about-us.html was accessed to obtain information on food sources

^aCommercially produced components (e.g., inulin, oligosaccharides, pectin, resistant starch, bacteria/yeast strains, l-glutamine, zinc-l-carnosine) are used as food additives/nutritional supplements