TABLE 1.
Self‐reported characteristics of study sample.
| Total cases | OUD positive a | Not OUD positive a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 1305 | (%) | N = 222 | (17.0%) | N = 1083 | (83.0%) | |
| Age—years, mean (range) | 46 | (18–84) | 44.8 | (20–70) | 46.3 | (18–84) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 2 | (0.1) | 1 | (0.5) | 1 | (0.1) |
| Asian | 8 | (0.6) | 0 | (0) | 8 | (0.7) |
| Biracial/multiracial | 32 | (2.5) | 3 | (1.4) | 29 | (2.3) |
| Black/African American | 602 | (46.1) | 77 | (34.7) | 525 | (48.5) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 36 | (2.8) | 4 | (1.8) | 33 | (3.0) |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 3 | (0.2) | 0 | (0) | 3 | (0.3) |
| White, non‐Hispanic | 639 | (49.0) | 138 | (62.2) | 501 | (46.3) |
| Other | 19 | (1.5) | 3 | (1.4) | 16 | (1.5) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 693 | (53.1) | 109 | (49.1) | 584 | (53.9) |
| Male | 604 | (46.3) | 112 | (50.5) | 492 | (45.3) |
| Non‐Cis | 8 | (0.6) | 1 | (0.5) | 7 | (0.6) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 287 | (22.0) | 47 | (21.2) | 240 | (22.2) |
| Divorced/separated | 131 | (10.0) | 22 | (9.9) | 109 | (10.1) |
| Widowed | 66 | (5.1) | 14 | (6.3) | 52 | (4.8) |
| Never married/not reported | 821 | (62.9) | 139 | (62.6) | 682 | (63.0) |
| Education | ||||||
| No high school diploma | 201 | (15.4) | 40 | (18.0) | 161 | (14.9) |
| High school diploma, GED equivalent | 431 | (33.0) | 73 | (32.9) | 358 | (33.1) |
| Some college | 384 | (29.4) | 72 | (32.4) | 312 | (28.8) |
| College graduate | 201 | (15.4) | 29 | (13.1) | 172 | (15.9) |
| Graduate/professional degree | 82 | (6.3) | 7 | (3.2) | 75 | (6.9) |
| Unknown | 6 | (0.5) | 1 | (0.5) | 5 | (0.5) |
| History of any injection drug use via ASSIST | ||||||
| Current injection drug use | 35 | (2.7) | 32 | (14.4) | 3 | (0.3) |
| Previous history of injection drug use | 77 | (5.9) | 32 | (14.4) | 45 | (4.2) |
| Not answered | 5 | (0.4) | 2 | (0.9) | 3 | (0.3) |
| Criteria for SUD via ASSIST | ||||||
| Alcohol | 193 | (14.8) | 45 | (10.3) | 148 | (13.6) |
| Amphetamines | 42 | (3.2) | 28 | (1.9) | 14 | (1.3) |
| Cannabis | 413 | (31.6) | 96 | (21.7) | 317 | (29.3) |
| Cocaine | 89 | (6.8) | 44 | (2.4) | 45 | (4.2) |
| Hallucinogens | 13 | (1.0) | 7 | (3.2) | 6 | (0.5) |
| Sedatives | 55 | (4.2) | 28 | (3.2) | 27 | (2.5) |
| Tobacco | 597 | (45.7) | 150 | (67.6) | 447 | (41.3) |
| Vaping nicotine | 96 | (7.4) | 31 | (14.0) | 65 | (6.0) |
| Vaping cannabis | 99 | (7.6) | 29 | (13.1) | 70 | (6.5) |
| Any substance b | 842 | (64.5) | 182 b | (82.0) | 620 b | (57.2) |
Note: Current injection drug use is defined as injection use within the last 3 months. History of is defined as any injection use outside of the last 3 months.
a
OUD positive defined as scoring positive on either the DSM criteria (2 or greater) or the ASSIST criteria (4 or greater) for opioids OR prescription opioids.
b
Any substance use positive defined as scoring positive (4 or more) on the ASSIST criteria for any substance, or 11 or more for alcohol use. Abbreviations: OUD, opioid use disorder; SUD, substance use disorder.