Table 3.
Bivariate Analyses of Moderators for Effects of Mindfulness Training
| Moderator | Coef. | p | k | (95% CI) | df | τ2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group type (inactive vs. active)a | 0.23a | .0679 | ||||||
| Population type | 0.42 | .0087 | ||||||
| Clinical | 14 | 0.71 | (0.41, 1.01) | 13 | 0.50 | |||
| General population | 40 | 0.27 | (0.17, 0.37) | 35 | 0.08 | |||
| Training type | 0.33 | .0123 | ||||||
| MBCT or MBSR | 14 | 0.62 | (0.39, 0.85) | 13 | 0.24 | |||
| Other | 41 | 0.30 | (0.18, 0.42) | 38 | 0.13 | |||
| Delivery type | 0.27 | .0083 | ||||||
| In-person | 39 | 0.46 | (0.32, 0.60) | 37 | 0.18 | |||
| Online | 15 | 0.18 | (0.04, 0.33) | 12 | 0.06 | |||
| Publication status | 0.39 | .0003 | ||||||
| Published | 39 | 0.48 | (0.35, 0.62) | 36 | 0.16 | |||
| Thesis | 15 | 0.09 | (−0.06, 0.24) | 12 | 0.06 | |||
| Location of study | 0.15b | .0187 | ||||||
| Asia | 15 | 0.67 | (0.40, 0.94) | 14 | 0.27 | |||
| US | 28 | 0.29 | (0.15, 0.44) | 25 | 0.15 | |||
| Europe | 10 | 0.21 | (0.01, 0.42) | 8 | 0.07 | |||
| Australia | 1 | NA | ||||||
| Type of inactive control | 0.00 | .9930 | ||||||
| MBP vs. waitlist | 19 | 0.47 | (0.28, 0.67) | 18 | 0.16 | |||
| MBP vs. no waitlist | 19 | 0.46 | (0.31, 0.61) | 17 | 0.11 | |||
| Home practice assigned | 0.08 | .5354 | ||||||
| Yes | 44 | 0.39 | (0.26, 0.52) | 41 | 0.17 | |||
| No | 10 | 0.31 | (0.08, 0.55) | 8 | 0.09 | |||
| Expert instructor | 0.15 | .1540 | ||||||
| Yes | 19 | 0.46 | (0.32, 0.60) | 16 | 0.07 | |||
| No | 35 | 0.33 | (0.17, 0.48) | 33 | 0.21 | |||
| Explicitly satisfied Crane et al.’s (2017) MBP criteria | 0.20 | .1279 | ||||||
| Yes | 44 | 0.41 | (0.29, 0.54) | 41 | 0.16 | |||
| No | 10 | 0.21 | (−0.03, 0.45) | 9 | 0.11 | |||
| Intervention length | 0.05d | .0278 | ||||||
| 1-3 weeks | 9 | 0.06 | (−0.14, 0.27) | 7 | 0.07 | |||
| 4-7 weeks | 26 | 0.38 | (0.21, 0.54) | 23 | 0.15 | |||
| 8+ weeks | 19 | 0.54 | (0.35, 0.73) | 17 | 0.17 | |||
| Intervention took place as a retreat | 0.03 | .9000c | ||||||
| Yes | 3 | 0.41 | (−0.71, 1.53) | 1.81c | 0.17 | |||
| No | 51 | 0.38 | (0.26, 0.49) | 47.74 | 0.17 | |||
| Risk of bias | 0.11d | .3762 | ||||||
| Low risk of bias | 14 | 0.30 | (0.10, 0.50) | 12 | 0.09 | |||
| High risk of bias | 40 | 0.41 | (0.27, 0.55) | 37 | 0.20 | |||
| Standard error | 1.42 d | .0699 | ||||||
| Low standard error (25% percentile: 0.232) | 6 | 0.21 | (−0.04, 0.46) | 5 | 0.05 | |||
| High standard error (75% percentile: 0.374) | 13 | 0.55 | (−0.25, 1.34) | 12 | 2.05 | |||
| Race/Ethnicity (% White in US studies) | 0.55d | .1842 | ||||||
| Diverse race/ethnicity | 14 | 0.24 | (0.11, 0.37) | 11 | 0.07 | |||
| Majority White (≥75%) | 11 | 0.39 | (0.01, 0.76) | 9.9 | 0.32 | |||
| Genderd | <0.01 | .3437 | ||||||
| Majority female (>70%) | 31 | 0.33 | (0.17, 0.49) | 29 | 0.18 | |||
| Majority male (>70%) | 3 | 0.78 | (−1.64, 3.2) | 2c | 0.96 | |||
| Similar gender ratio (50±20%) | 20 | 0.40 | (0.28, 0.52) | 17 | 0.09 | |||
| Attrition/dropout rate (US studies) | 0.21d | .5490 | ||||||
| Low (<20%) | 18 | 0.34 | (0.17, 0.51) | 16 | 0.16 | |||
| High (≥20%) | 10 | 0.21 | (−0.11, 0.52) | 8.2 | 0.13 | |||
Note. Effect sizes () are positive for differences that favor the treatment group.
a
See Table 2 for estimates.
b
Compared studies conducted in Asia vs other locations.
c
RVE results are untrustworthy because degrees of freedom are less than four (Tanner-Smith & Tipton, 2014).
d
Regression was performed on continuous variable; cut-points were created for subgroup analysis.
Abbreviations: MBCT= Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. MBSR = Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction. MBP=Mindfulness-Based Program.