. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Sep 22.

Published in final edited form as: Mindfulness (N Y). 2023 Sep 22;14(9):2077–2096. doi: 10.1007/s12671-023-02212-6

Table 4.

Summary of Multiple Moderator Model Results for Combined Outcomes and for Three Specific Outcomes

Model	Moderator	1. All outcomes		2. Anxiety symptoms		3. Depressive symptoms		4. Mindfulness
Model	Moderator	Coef.	${\hat{d}}_{+}$ (95% CI)^a	Coef.	${\hat{d}}_{+}$ (95% CI)^a	Coef.	${\hat{d}}_{+}$ (95% CI)^a	Coef.	${\hat{d}}_{+}$ (95% CI)^a
1	Population	0.17^*		0.36		0.15		0.42^‡
	General		0.22 (0.11, 0.33)		0.28 (0.01, 0.54)		0.28 (−0.11, 0.66)		0.24 (0.09, 0.38)
	Clinical		0.53 (0.29, 0.77)		0.64 (0.10, 1.18)		0.13 (−0.31, 0.57)		0.66 (0.30, 1.01)
	Control group	0.09^‡		0.56^*		0.22		0.16
	Active		0.27 (0.07,0.48)		0.17 (−0.19, 0.54)		0.09 (−0.26, 0.45)		0.37 (0.16, 0.58)
	Inactive		0.47 (0.35,0.60)		0.74 (0.33, 1.15)		0.31 (−0.09, 0.72)		0.53 (0.29, 0.76)
	Publication status	0.13^‡		0.21		0.29		−0.22^‡
	Thesis		0.20 (0.06, 0.34)		0.35 (−0.37, 1.08)		0.06 (−0.67, 0.79)		0.33 (0.09, 0.57)
	Published study		0.55 (0.38, 0.72)		0.56 (0.33, 0.80)		0.35 (0.16, 0.54)		0.56 (0.35, 0.77)
	Standard error for d	1.01^‡		2.04		0.35		1.13^‡
	High (75%)^b		0.47 (0.30, 0.63)		0.61 (0.27, 0.94)		0.23 (−0.17, 0.63)		0.53 (0.34, 0.73)
	Low (25%)^b		0.29 (0.15, 0.42)		0.32 (−0.19, 0.83)		0.18 (−0.24, 0.60)		0.37 (0.18, 0.56)
	Zero		−0.00 (−0.35, 0.34)		−0.16 (−1.34, 1.03)		0.10 (−0.84, 1.04)		0.11 (−0.29, 0.50)

2 (+1)	Delivery method	0.05		0.00		0.32		0.11
	Online		0.37 (0.20, 0.54)		0.46 (−0.08, 0.99)		0.03 (−0.39, 0.44)		0.50 (0.24, 0.76)
	In-person		0.38 (0.23, 0.52)		0.45 (−0.14, 0.77)		0.35 (0.05, 0.65)		0.39 (0.18, 0.61)

3 (+1)	Training type	0.05			0.27			0.06		0.04
	MBSR/MBCT		0.46 (0.31, 0.61)		0.65 (0.27, 1.03)		0.25 (−0.13, 0.62)		0.41 (0.05, 0.77)
	Other		0.35 (0.21, 0.50)		0.38 (0.03, 0.72)		0.19 (−0.15, 0.53)		0.45 (0.27, 0.63)

4 (+1)	Trial duration	0.01		0.00		0.07^*		0.02
	1 Week		0.30 (0.05, 0.55)		0.44 (−0.10, 0.98)		−0.07 (−0.44, 0.30)		0.35 (−0.02, 0.72)
	4 Weeks		0.35 (0.20, 0.50)		0.45 (0.07, 0.83)		0.13 (−0.21, 0.47)		0.42 (0.21, 0.63)
	8 Weeks		0.42 (0.27, 0.58)		0.46 (0.10, 0.83)		0.40 (0.11, 0.69)		0.51 (0.29, 0.73)
	12 Weeks		0.49 (0.19, 0.80)		0.45 (−0.12, 1.06)		0.67 (0.37, 0.96)		0.60 (0.15, 1.05)

	l of effect sizes	357		54		48		69
	k of studies in model	54		27		25		34
N participants in studies		3,746		1,533		1,633		2,208

Note. Effect sizes are positive for differences that favor the treatment group. Predictors are entered simultaneously within each model; Models 2 through 4 also include the moderators from Model 1. Coefficients (Coef.) for categorical moderators use the dummy-coded form (not the contrast-coded form). Only moderators that reached at least marginal significance in the overall (all outcomes) analysis are candidate moderators for these models.

Predicted value ( ${\hat{d}}_{+}$ ) of the standardized mean difference (and its 95% confidence interval), holding the other predictors constant at their means (or contrast coding them, if categorical).

Standard error of d at 75% percentile, 0.374; at 25% percentile: 0.232. MBCT= Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. MBSR = Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction. MBP=Mindfulness-Based Program.

p<.01.

^‡

p≥.01 and <.10.