Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients Stratified by Discharge Treatment Status
| Overall | Treated Patients BB and/or RASi | Untreated Patients No BB or RASi | P-Value | Absolute Std. Diff (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N=48,711) | (N=47,299) | (N=1,412) | |||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years | 79.0 (72.0–85.0) | 79.0 (72.0–85.0) | 82.0 (74.0–88.0) | <.0001 | 29.79 |
| Female Sex | 19,769 (40.6%) | 19,204 (40.6%) | 565 (40.0%) | 0.658 | 1.2 |
| Race | |||||
| White | 38,248 (80.1%) | 37,122 (80.0%) | 1,126 (82.1%) | ||
| 0.0324 | 7.49 | ||||
| Black | 5,518 (11.6%) | 5,390 (11.6%) | 128 (9.3%) | ||
| Other | 3,983 (8.3%) | 3,865 (8.3%) | 118 (8.6%) | ||
| Median household income* | $52,756 (46,338–62,936) | $52,765 (46,335–62,936) | $52,646 (46,484–62,938) | 0.9175 | 1.31 |
| Educational attainment | |||||
| % < high school diploma | 11.8 (9.2–15.1) | 11.8 (9.2–15.1) | 12.4 (9.6–15.6) | 0.0022 | 6.85 |
| % high school diploma or higher | 88.2 (84.9–90.8) | 88.2 (84.9–90.8) | 87.6 (84.4–90.4) | 0.0022 | 6.85 |
| % college 4+yrs or higher | 28.0 (20.4–35.0) | 28.0 (20.4–35.0) | 27.7 (20.4–34.7) | 0.6586 | 1.55 |
| Medical History | |||||
| Hypertension | 34,816 (77.2%) | 33,872 (77.4%) | 944 (72.0%) | <.0001 | 12.32 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 24,828 (55.1%) | 24,164 (55.2%) | 664 (50.6%) | 0.0011 | 9.1 |
| Afib/flutter | 18,336 (40.7%) | 17,752 (40.5%) | 584 (44.5%) | 0.0036 | 8.11 |
| Diabetes | 17,995 (39.9%) | 17 557 (40.1%) | 438 (33.4%) | <.0001 | 13.82 |
| Ischemic etiology | 29,303 (65.0%) | 28,539 (65.2%) | 764 (58.3%) | <.0001 | 14.23 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 9,276 (20.6%) | 8,935 (20.4%) | 341 (26.0%) | <.0001 | 13.31 |
| End Stage Renal Disease | 2,333 (4.8%) | 2,221 (4.7%) | 112 (7.9%) | <.0001 | 13.34 |
| Coronary Artery Disease | 26,298 (58.3%) | 25,612 (58.5%) | 686 (52.3%) | <.0001 | 12.43 |
| Cancer | 3,737 (7.7%) | 3,589 (7.6%) | 148 (10.5%) | <.0001 | 10.11 |
| Prior Myocardial Infarction | 12,007 (26.6%) | 11,706 (26.7%) | 301 (23.0%) | 0.0023 | 8.74 |
| Prior Stroke/TIA | 7,407 (16.4%) | 7,199 (16.4%) | 208 (15.9%) | 0.5799 | 1.56 |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | 6,047 (13.4%) | 5,867 (13.4%) | 180 (13.7%) | 0.7287 | 0.97 |
| Smoker | 5,331 (11.0%) | 5,211 (11.1%) | 120 (8.6%) | 0.0038 | 8.27 |
| COPD or asthma | 12,277 (27.2%) | 11,860 (27.1%) | 417 (31.8%) | 0.0002 | 10.38 |
| Dementia | 3,666 (7.5%) | 3,511 (7.4%) | 155 (11.0%) | <.0001 | 12.32 |
| ICD or CRT device | 9,897 (21.9%) | 9,678 (22.1%) | 219 (16.7%) | <.0001 | 13.68 |
| Frail (score >≥5) | 5,867 (12.4%) | 3,535 (10.8%) | 2,332 (16.0%) | <0.001 | 15.41 |
| Admission Characteristics | |||||
| Ejection fraction | 30.0 (21.0–35.0) | 29.0 (20.0–35.0) | 33.0 (24.0–40.0) | <.0001 | 32.61 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 83.0 (72.0–98.0) | 83.0 (72.0–98.0) | 84.0 (71.0–99.0) | 0.8482 | 0.63 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 135.0 (118.0–153.0) | 135.0 (118.0–154.0) | 128.0 (113.0–144.0) | <.0001 | 29.02 |
| Rales | 8,745 (47.1%) | 8,499 (47.1%) | 246 (46.2%) | 0.3698 | 0.58 |
| Jugular venous distention | 4,419 (24.0%) | 4,308 (24.1%) | 111 (21.2%) | 0.0583 | 4.85 |
| Lower extremity edema | 11,220 (60.4%) | 10,879 (60.3%) | 341 (64.1%) | 0.0669 | 9.63 |
| Creatinine | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | <.0001 | 1.97 |
| Sodium | 138.0 (136.0–141.0) | 138.0 (136.0–141.0) | 138.0 (136.0–141.0) | 0.6989 | 3.94 |
| Potassium | 4.2 (3.8–4.6) | 4.2 (3.8–4.6) | 4.2 (3.8–4.6) | 0.8274 | 0.93 |
| B-type Natriuretic Peptide, pg/mL | 1128 (590.0–2123) | 1126 (589.0–2123) | 1180 (617.3–2076) | 0.3489 | 5.41 |
| Troponin | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0549 | 0.99 |
| GDMT at Admission | |||||
| On RASi at admission | 12,437/48,711 (25.5%) | 12,331/47,299 (26.1%) | 106/1,412 (7.5%) | <.0001 | 82.16 |
| On BB at admission | 16,713/48,711 (34.3%) | 16,573/47,299 (35.0%) | 140/1,412 (9.9%) | <.0001 | 111.85 |
| MRA at admission | 2,614/48,711 (5.4%) | 2,544/47,299 (5.4%) | 70/1,412 (5.0%) | 0.7634 | 1.18 |
| Any NHT at admission | 19,463/48,711 (40.0%) | 19,261/47,299 (40.7%) | 202/1,412 (14.3%) | <.0001 | 118.30 |
| Discharge Characteristics | |||||
| Heart rate, bpm | 76.0 (67.0–86.0) | 76.0 (67.0–86.0) | 78.0 (69.0–89.0) | 0.0001 | 10.82 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 118.0 (106.0–132.0) | 118.0 (106.0–132.0) | 117.0 (104.0–131.0) | 0.0153 | 7.25 |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen | 28.0 (20.0–40.0) | 28.0 (20.0–40.0) | 30.0 (21.0–46.0) | 0.0002 | 18.78 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | <.0001 | 1.3 |
| eGFR | 50.2 (35.0–68.3) | 50.2 (35.2–68.3) | 46.5 (29.2–64.6) | <.0001 | 18.09 |
| Sodium | 138.0 (136.0-, Ί.0) | 138.0 (136.0–141.0) | 138.0 (136.0–141.0) | 0.6747 | 0.76 |
| Potassium, mEq/L | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) | 4.1 (3.7–4.4) | 0.5115 | 4.99 |
| B-type Natriuretic Peptide, pg/mL | 966.0 (472.0–1856) | 962.0 (471.0–1850) | 1069 (518.1–2009) | 0.0494 | 12.58 |
| LOS, days | 4.0 (3.0–6.0) | 4.0 (3.0–6.0) | 4.0 (3.0–6.0) | 0.2121 | 7.36 |
| Discharge disposition | <.0001 | 28.77 | |||
| Home | 37,175 (76.3%) | 36,276 (76.7%) | 899 (63.7%) | ||
| Other Facility | 11,536 (23.7%) | 11,023 (23.3%) | 513 (36.3%) | ||
| Hospital Characteristics | |||||
| Geographic Region | |||||
| Northeast | 14,444 (29.7%) | 14,030 (29.7%) | 414 (29.3%) | ||
| Midwest | 11,753 (24.1%) | 11,420 (24.1%) | 333 (23.6%) | 0.7682 | 2.87 |
| South | 17,140 (35.2%) | 16,625 (35.1%) | 515 (36.5%) | ||
| West | 5,374 (11.0%) | 5,224 (11.0%) | 150 (10.6%) | ||
| Academic/Teaching Hospital | 36,715 (77.2%) | 35,705 (77.3%) | 1,010 (73.8%) | 0.0028 | 8.02 |
| Number of Beds | 383.0 (248.0–571.0) | 383.0 (248.0–571.0) | 376.0 (230.0–556.0) | 0.0087 | 7.98 |
| Rural Location | 1,896 (4.1%) | 1,827 (4.0%) | 69 (5.1%) | 0.048 | 5.17 |
*
Indexed using CPI-U 2016 average, US Dollars ($)
Afib is atrial fibrillation; TIA is transient ischemic attack; COPD is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD is implanted cardiac defibrillator; CRT is cardiac resynchronization therapy; LOS is length of stay; GDMT is guideline directed medical therapy; MRA is mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NHT is neurohormonal therapy