Table 2.
Dietary diversity across quintiles of the energy contribution of ultra-processed foods by socio-demographic characteristics; Australian population aged 2 + years (NNPAS 2011–2012; n = 11,862)
| Socio-demographic characteristics | Total sample (%) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) FGIs by quintiles of energy contribution of ultra-processed foods¥ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
| All | 100 | 5.55 (0.02) | 6.26 (0.04) | 6.05 (0.05) | 5.86 (0.05) | 5.38 (0.05) | 4.19 (0.05)*** |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 50.7 | 5.42 (0.03) | 6.11 (0.06) | 5.94 (0.07) | 5.75 (0.07) | 5.32 (0.07) | 4.12 (0.07)*** |
| Female | 49.3 | 5.68 (0.03) | 6.41 (0.06) | 6.17 (0.06) | 5.98 (0.06) | 5.45 (0.07) | 4.23 (0.08)*** |
| Age group (years) | |||||||
| 2 to 4 | 4.2 | 5.09 (0.09) | 5.90 (0.22) | 5.74 (0.18) | 5.43 (0.19) | 5.07 (0.19) | 4.00 (0.17)*** |
| 5 to 11 | 9.1 | 5.19 (0.07) | 6.79 (0.23) | 5.63 (0.16) | 5.74 (0.16) | 5.62 (0.13) | 4.35 (0.12)*** |
| 12 to 19 | 10.8 | 4.95 (0.08) | 5.68 (0.22) | 5.98 (0.21) | 5.80 (0.16) | 5.16 (0.14) | 4.03 (0.13)*** |
| 20 to 59 | 56.2 | 5.65 (0.03) | 6.29 (0.05) | 6.04 (0.06) | 5.92 (0.07) | 5.40 (0.07) | 4.18 (0.08)*** |
| 60 + | 19.7 | 5.85 (0.04) | 6.29 (0.07) | 6.21 (0.09) | 5.90 (0.08) | 5.43 (0.11) | 4.41 (0.15)*** |
| Years of education | |||||||
| Low (≤ 9) | 12.5 | 5.31 (0.06) | 5.79 (0.12) | 5.82 (0.12) | 5.65 (0.11) | 5.07 (0.15) | 3.87 (0.17)*** |
| Medium (10 to 12 with no graduate degree) | 63.6 | 5.44 (0.03) | 6.21 (0.06) | 5.97 (0.06) | 5.79 (0.06) | 5.37 (0.06) | 4.15 (0.06)*** |
| High (12 with graduate degree) | 23.9 | 5.99 (0.05) | 6.55 (0.07) | 6.35 (0.09) | 6.17 (0.09) | 5.62 (0.10) | 4.60 (0.14)*** |
| SEIFA | |||||||
| Quintile 1—greater disadvantage | 17.9 | 5.18 (0.06) | 5.74 (0.10) | 5.52 (0.13) | 5.82 (0.11) | 5.31 (0.12) | 3.93 (0.12)*** |
| Quintile 2 | 19.8 | 4.35 (0.05) | 6.02 (0.10) | 5.81 (0.11) | 5.62 (0.10) | 5.38 (0.10) | 4.07 (0.11)*** |
| Quintile 3 | 20.8 | 5.54 (0.05) | 6.39 (0.10) | 6.05 (0.10) | 5.88 (0.10) | 5.30 (0.10) | 4.22 (0.11)*** |
| Quintile 4 | 18.8 | 5.72 (0.05) | 6.58 (0.09) | 6.18 (0.09) | 5.87 (0.10) | 5.40 (0.11) | 4.28 (0.15)*** |
| Quintile 5—greater advantage | 22.7 | 5.88 (0.05) | 6.42 (0.07) | 6.47 (0.09) | 6.07 (0.10) | 5.51 (0.11) | 4.54 (0.13)*** |
| Household income | |||||||
| Quintile 1—lower income | 16.4 | 5.25 (0.05) | 5.86 (0.10) | 5.78 (0.11) | 5.63 (0.11) | 5.09 (0.12) | 3.97 (0.13)*** |
| Quintile 2 | 16.0 | 5.41 (0.06) | 6.02 (0.12) | 5.84 (0.11) | 5.83 (0.10) | 5.57 (0.11) | 4.14 (0.13)*** |
| Quintile 3 | 18.5 | 5.54 (0.05) | 6.42 (0.10) | 6.13 (0.10) | 5.73 (0.10) | 5.41 (0.10) | 4.24 (0.12)*** |
| Quintile 4 | 18.7 | 5.60 (0.05) | 6.45 (0.09) | 6.09 (0.11) | 5.95 (0.11) | 5.39 (0.12) | 4.28 (0.12)*** |
| Quintile 5—greater income | 17.0 | 6.02 (0.05) | 6.54 (0.09) | 6.32 (0.12) | 6.27 (0.10) | 5.56 (0.11) | 4.66 (0.15)*** |
| Geographical location | |||||||
| Major cities of Australia | 70.7 | 5.57 (0.03) | 6.28 (0.05) | 6.04 (0.05) | 5.87 (0.06) | 5.33 (0.06) | 4.19 (0.07)*** |
| Inner regional Australia | 19.7 | 5.50 (0.05) | 6.23 (0.11) | 6.09 (0.11) | 5.85 (0.11) | 5.49 (0.10) | 4.20 (0.11)*** |
| Other | 9.6 | 5.47 (0.07) | 6.14 (0.13) | 6.06 (0.12) | 5.81 (0.12) | 5.50 (0.14) | 4.18 (0.15)*** |
NNPAS National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, SEIFA Socio-Economic Index for Areas
***p < 0.001 for prevalence ratio estimated using Poisson regression models adjusted by all the sociodemographic characteristics in the table (quintile 1 vs. quintile 5)
¥Percentage of total energy intake from ultra-processed foods. Mean (43.69 ± 0.21); quintiles mean and range: Q1 = 20.26 (0 to 28.72); Q2 = 34.08 (28.73 to 38.79); Q3 = 43.22 (38.80 to 47.76); Q4 = 52.59 (47.76 to 58.12); Q5 = 68.33 (58.12 to 100)