Table 3.
Dietary diversity and micronutrients intake (standardised for 1000 kcal) across the quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods. Australian population aged 2 + years (NNPAS 2011–2012; n = 11,862)
| Nutrients | Quintiles of the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods (% of total dietary energy)¥ | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||
| Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | β | SE | β | SE | |
| Dietary Diversity | ||||||||||||||
| Number of Food Group Indicators | 6.18 | 0.04 | 6.01 | 0.05 | 5.85 | 0.05 | 5.42 | 0.05 | 4.31 | 0.05 | − 0.43 | 0.02*** | – | – |
| Vitamins | ||||||||||||||
| Vitamin A (RAE) | 458.1 | 16.6 | 396.6 | 9.96 | 423.4 | 28.3 | 373.8 | 14.5 | 313.5 | 8.42 | − 30.9 | 4.40*** | − 26.2 | 4.08*** |
| Vitamin B1 Thiamine(mg) | 0.79 | 0.01 | 0.87 | 0.02 | 0.88 | 0.02 | 0.87 | 0.02 | 0.85 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.006* | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Vitamin B2 Riboflavin (mg) | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.94 | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0.01 | 0.0008 | 0.004 | 0.0002 | 0.004 |
| Vitamin B3 Niacin (mg) | 21.8 | 0.17 | 21.2 | 0.16 | 20.3 | 0.14 | 19.5 | 0.14 | 18.2 | 0.17 | − 0.88 | 0.06 *** | − 0.85 | 0.06*** |
| Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine (mg) | 0.79 | 0.01 | 0.72 | 0.01 | 0.68 | 0.01 | 0.66 | 0.01 | 0.64 | 0.02 | − 0.03 | 0.004 *** | -0.03 | 0.004*** |
| Vitamin B9 Folate (mg) | 160.8 | 1.82 | 148.9 | 1.52 | 143.2 | 1.40 | 136.7 | 1.27 | 122.1 | 1.48 | − 8.93 | 0.52 *** | − 7.72 | 0.56*** |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 2.46 | 0.04 | 2.33 | 0.03 | 2.30 | 0.07 | 2.16 | 0.04 | 1.96 | 0.03 | − 0.12 | 0.01 *** | − 0.12 | 0.01*** |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 56.8 | 1.23 | 51.8 | 1.15 | 49 | 0.99 | 46.1 | 0.97 | 41.7 | 1.22 | − 3.59 | 0.39 *** | − 2.96 | 0.41*** |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 5.86 | 0.09 | 5.32 | 0.06 | 5.06 | 0.06 | 4.81 | 0.04 | 4.43 | 0.05 | − 0.33 | 0.02 *** | − 0.24 | 0.02*** |
| Minerals | ||||||||||||||
| Calcium (mg) | 398 | 4.3 | 402.6 | 4.47 | 398 | 4.27 | 393 | 4.2 | 373.9 | 4.46 | − 5.64 | 1.46 *** | − 5.58 | 1.57*** |
| Iron (mg) | 5.87 | 0.07 | 5.92 | 0.06 | 5.73 | 0.06 | 5.67 | 0.06 | 5.17 | 0.07 | − 0.16 | 0.02 *** | − 0.15 | 0.03*** |
| Magnesium (mg) | 183.8 | 1.5 | 170.3 | 1.15 | 159.9 | 1.1 | 152.1 | 1.09 | 139.1 | 1.20 | − 10.7 | 0.44 *** | − 10.1 | 0.46*** |
| Potassium (mg) | 1551.7 | 10.12 | 1465 | 8.69 | 1408 | 8 | 1357 | 8.25 | 1237 | 9.22 | − 73.4 | 3.12 *** | − 64.8 | 3.30*** |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 762.3 | 4.50 | 751 | 4.64 | 717.5 | 3.96 | 697.4 | 3.73 | 643.7 | 4.24 | − 28.9 | 1.46 *** | − 26.2 | 1.54*** |
| Zinc (mg) | 5.84 | 0.07 | 5.55 | 0.05 | 5.28 | 0.04 | 5.05 | 0.04 | 4.51 | 0.04 | − 0.32 | 0.02 *** | − 0.32 | 0.02*** |
NNPAS National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, RAE Retinol Activity Equivalents, ¥Percentage of total energy intake from ultra-processed foods. Mean (43.69 ± 0.21); quintiles mean and range: Q1 = 20.26 (0 to 28.72); Q2 = 34.08 (28.73 to 38.79); Q3 = 43.22 (38.80 to 47.76); Q4 = 52.59 (47.76 to 58.12); Q5 = 68.33 (58.12 to 100), Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, educational attainment, socio-economic status, income and geographical location. Model 2: Adjusted for covariates of Model 1 and the 10 FGI
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 for linear trend across quintiles