Table 2.
Patient characteristics.
| Heart failure risk | Average or lower | High | Very high | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 108 | 147 | 163 | |
| WATCH-DM score | 9.1 ± 1.1 | 12.0 ± 0.8¶ | 16.0 ± 1.7¶,|| | < 0.001 |
| Age, years | 76.6 ± 11.2 | 81.1 ± 7.8¶ | 81.5 ± 6.8¶ | < 0.001 |
| Male gender, % | 39.8 | 45.6 | 59.5† | 0.003 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.3 ± 4.1 | 22.8 ± 4.5 | 23.8 ± 4.3* | 0.02 |
| Hypertension, % | 82.4 | 91.2 | 93.9* | 0.009 |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 41.7 | 54.4 | 67.5* | 0.0002 |
| Smokers, % | 42.6 | 36.7 | 46.6 | 0.21 |
| Chronic kidney disease, % | 59.3 | 83.6¶ | 98.8¶ | < 0.001 |
| History of atrial fibrillation, % | 42.5 | 40.1 | 33 | 0.23 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 118 ± 17 | 123 ± 18 | 123 ± 20* | 0.02 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 70 ± 12 | 65 ± 12 | 63 ± 13 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 77.8 ± 26.5 | 102.5 ± 45.1 | 225.4 ± 192.7 | < 0.001 |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 57.3 ± 14.9 | 45.4 ± 15.0¶ | 26.0 ± 14.0¶,|| | < 0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 6.38 ± 1.6 | 7.2 ± 2.5* | 7.4 ± 2.7‡ | 0.003 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 6.8 ± 0.7 | 6.9 ± 1.1 | 0.70 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.22 ± 0.50 | 1.33 ± 0.61 | 1.49 ± 0.56 | 0.32 |
| HDL-c, mmol/L | 1.14 ± 0.31 | 1.11 ± 0.34 | 1.06 ± 0.36 | 0.08 |
| LDL-c, mmol/L | 2.51 ± 0.70 | 2.46 ± 0.80‡ | 2.20 ± 0.75‡ | 0.002 |
| Medication at discharge | ||||
| Antiplatelets, % | 18.5 | 33.3* | 54.6¶,|| | < 0.001 |
| Anticoagulants, % | 68.5 | 55.8 | 47.9‡ | 0.003 |
| Statins, % | 35.5 | 43.5 | 53.4* | 0.01 |
| Diuretics, % | 82.4 | 85 | 84 | 0.85 |
| RAAS inhibitors, % | 53.7 | 59.9 | 55.8 | 0.60 |
| β blockers, % | 57.4 | 49.0 | 58.3 | 0.22 |
| MRA, % | 48.1 | 38.1 | 35 | 0.09 |
| Digoxin, % | 6.5 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.01 |
| Calcium channel blocker, % | 48.1 | 55.8 | 63.2 | 0.048 |
| Oral glucose-lowering drugs, % | 49.1 | 53.1 | 58.1 | 0.32 |
| Biguanide, % | 17.6 | 8.2 | 1.8¶,§ | < 0.0001 |
| Sulfonylurea, % | 7.4 | 10.9 | 6.1 | 0.32 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors, % | 35.2 | 43.5 | 47.2 | 0.14 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors, % | 9.3 | 10.9 | 19.8 | 0.03 |
| Insulin, % | 9.3 | 7.5 | 18.4§ | 0.01 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists, % | 1.9 | 0.7 | 3.1 | 0.35 |
The smokers included former and current smokers.
BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, GFR glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL-c high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c low density lipoprotein cholesterol, RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, SGLT2 sodium glucose cotransporter 2, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1.
*p < 0.05, †p < 0.01, ‡p < 0.005, ¶p < 0.001 vs. the average or lower risk group, §p < 0.05, ||p < 0.001 vs. the high-risk group.