Fig. 8.

Tumor ablation therapies with Fe₃O₄ NPs: a In magnetic hyperthermia, an alternating magnetic field causes iron oxide NPs to generate heat, inducing tumor necrosis. b In photothermal ablation, light absorbed by NPs is converted to thermal energy causing cell death in the vicinity. c For photodynamic therapy, photosensitizing agents attached to NPs are activated by an external light source to create singlet oxygen species that are cytotoxic to cells. Reprinted from [21] under Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND