Table 1.
The role of sCD163 in various chronic diseases
| Disease | sCD163 level (specimen) | Clinical Importance | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atherosclerosis | 2.469 (0.264–9.063) mg/L (plasma) | Elevated in coronary atherosclerosis. | [49] |
| Liver failure |
808.6 ± 433.0 ng/mL (serum) |
Elevated in fulminant liver failure, positively correlated with prolonged prothrombin time and mortality. | [50] |
| Cirrhosis |
4.5 mg/L (plasma) |
Elevated in cirrhosis and has positive correlation with Child-Pugh classification, also portal hypertension predictor marker. | [51] |
|
5.77 mg/L (plasma) |
Elevated in cirrhosis that caused by Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and correlated with other inflammatory markers. | [52] | |
|
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) |
2.5–3.9 mg/L (plasma) |
Liver fibrosis predictor. | [53] |
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) |
1.95 (0.63–6.97) mg/L (serum) |
Elevated in T2DM and has positive correlation with insulin resistance. | [54] |
| Obesity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage V |
4.0 mg/L (plasma) |
Has positive correlation with increased fat mass and other inflammatory markers in CKD stage V. | [55] |
| HIV infection |
2.89 (2.22–3.42) mg/L (plasma) |
Correlated with RNA viral load, risk for cardiovascular event (age, ethnic, body mass index, and HDL), also response to the treatment. | [56] |
|
1343.0 ± 161.4 ng/mL (plasma) |
Correlated with neurocognitive disturbance. | [43] | |
|
From 1.085 (828 − 1.480) to 792 (562–1.025) ng/ml (plasma) |
Has negative correlation with anti-retroviral treatment. | [57] | |
| Leprosy | 177.6 ± 62.18 ng/mL (serum) | Positively correlated with disease severity. | [58] |
| Visceral leishmaniasis | 152.1 ± 67.86 ng/mL (serum) | Positively correlated with disease severity. | [58] |
| Autoimmune hepatitis |
9.5 (3.3–28.8) mg/L (plasma) |
Has positive correlation with disease severity and disease activity, also with treatment response. | [59] |
| SLE |
1581 ng/ml (serum) |
Diagnostic and disease activity marker for macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in SLE. | [60] |
|
483.7 ± 260.8 ng/mL (serum) |
Positively correlated with atherosclerosis plaque formation in SLE patients that have low cardiovascular event risk. | [61] | |
| Lupus nephritis |
67.04 ± 18.70 ng/mL (serum) |
Correlated with disease severity and poor prognostic indicator. | [62] |
|
114.01 pg/mg (urine) |
Marker for disease activity in lupus nephritis. | [63] | |
|
2.91 ± 2.52 U/mL/mg/dL (urine) |
Disease activity marker for lupus nephritis and correlated with clinical manifestation, conventional laboratory test (urea and creatinine), also renal pathology. | [64] | |
|
22.02 (pg/mL)/(mg/dL) (urine) |
Can distinguish lupus nephritis patients from SLE without nephritis also has strong correlation with activity index of renal pathology. | [65] | |
| Glomerulonephritis |
3.9 µg/ mmol (urine) |
Stable marker for glomerulonephritis and can be used outside health facility also has correlation with treatment response. | [66] |
| Systemic sclerosis |
529 ± 251 ng/mL (serum) |
Potential marker for systemic sclerosis. | [67] |
|
984 ± 420 ng/mL (serum) |
Elevated in systemic sclerosis and negatively correlated with risk for digital ulcer but positively correlated with more severe skin manifestation. | [68] | |
| Gastric cancer |
0.291–1.76 µg/mL (serum) |
Diagnostic and prognostic marker in gastric cancer. | [69] |