Table 3.
Clinical presentation and microbiological findings
| References | Infection | Microbiological findings | Coinfections | Symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panwar K et al., 2019 [9] | Necrotizing fasciitis | Monomicrobial | Nil | Nausea, vomit, fever |
| Saca J et al., 2023 [10] | Osteomyelitis and necrotizing fasciitis | Polymicrobial | S. agalactiae, P. denticola, S. moorei | Foot pain, fever, tachycardia |
| Unigarro et al., 2023 [11] | Septic shock after uterine perforation | Monomicrobial | Nil | Dysuria, abdominal pain, nausea, vomit, drowsyness, hypotension |
| Baher H et al., 2022 [12] | Pleural empyema | Monomicrobial | Nil | Fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension |
| Gandhi K et al., 2022 [13] | Abscess of the cartilagineous helix | Monomicrobial | Nil | Pain, erythema at previous surgical site |
| Böttger S et al., 2022 [54] | Odontogenic craniofacial necrotizing fasciitis | Polymicrobial | B. thetaiotaomicron, S. epidermidis | Black blisters, anesthesia of the skin, livid erythema |
| Fisher M et al., 2022 [14] | Pulmonary abscess | Monomicrobial | Nil | Dyspnea and cough |
| Lin J et al., 2021 [15] | Abscess of the buttocks | Monomicrobial | Nil | Pain, erythema, purulent cutaneous discharge |
| Sarumathi D et al., 2020 [55] | UTI | Monomicrobial | Nil | Fever, dysuria, and loose stools |
| Herrmann, AA et al., 2019 [17] | Spinal epidural abscess | Polymicrobial | E. cloacae, S. milleri | Back pain, fever |
| Lowry D et al., 2019 [18] | Pulmonary abscess | Monomicrobial | Nil | Dyspnea |
| Denham, J.D. et al., 2018 [19] | Pyometra | Monomicrobial | Nil | Purulent vaginal discharge |
| Snead, J.A. et al. 2018 [20] | Bacteremia | Monomicrobial | Nil | Fever, chills, tachycardia, hypotension, altered mental status |
| Gibson AL et al., 2018 [21] | Epidural abscess | Polymicrobial | A. europaeus | Fever, lethargy |
| Elborno, D. et al., 2016 [22] | Tubo-ovarian abscess | Monomicrobial | Nil | N.A. |
| Matela, A.et al., 2015 [23] | Pulmonary abscess | Polymicrobial | S. viridans | Chest pain, fever |
| Nickoloff, S et al., 2014 [56] | Empyema | Monomicrobial | Nil | Chest pain, fever, weight loss |
| Shkolnik, I.et al., 2014 [25] | Pulmonary abscess | Monomicrobial | Nil | Weight loss, cough, chest pain |
| Palacios D et al., 2023 [26] | Recurrent peri-clitoral abscess | Monomicrobial | Nil | Recurrent peri-clitoral mass |
| Doldán L et al., 2023 [27] | Para-uterine abscess | Monomicrobial | Nil | Purulent vaginal discharge, fever |
| Cronin JT et al., 2023 [28] | Surgical site infection | Monomicrobial | Nil | Purulent surgical wound dehiscence |
| Tan CY et al., 2022 [51] | Pilonidal (11), Perianal (4) | Monomicrobial (1), polimicrobial (14) | Mixed anaerobes, S. milleri, S. aureus, Citrobacter spp., Coliform | N.A. |
| Khan A et al., 2022 [29] | Fournier’s gangrene | Polymicrobial | H. haemolyticus, S. anginosus, P harei | Diarrhea, fever, penile swelling, dysuria, hematuria, hypotension |
| Mao TC et al., 2022 [30] | Fournier’s gangrene | Monomicrobial | Nil | Scrotum swelling |
| Tabaksert A et al., 2021 [1] | Parapharingeal and mediastinal abscess | Polymicrobial | E. faecalis, S. anginosus, S. constellatus | Fever, dysfagia |
| Nia A et al., 2021 [31] | Hip abscess | Polymicrobial | F. nucleatum | Pain, fever |
| Agrafiotis AC et al., 2021 [32] | Pleural empyema | Polymicrobial | F. necrogenes, M. micros | N.A. |
| Johnson SW et al., 2021 [33] | Pleural empyema | Polymicrobial | F. nucleatum | Chest pain, cough, fever |
| Barnes A et al., 2020 [34] | Prostatic abscess and Mandibular abscess | Polymicrobial | Peptostreptococcus spp. | Shock, inguinal pain, fever, vomit, dysuria |
| Jin W et al., 2020 [35] | Adrenal gland abscess | Polymicrobial | E. coli, P. mirabilis, plus others in mNGs | Back pain, fever |
| Kansara T et al., 2020 [36] | Pyelonephritis and abscess | Monomicrobial | Nil | Abdominal pain, vomit, fever |
| Le Bihan A et al., 2019 [37] | Breast abscess | Polymicrobial | P. harei | Breast swelling |
| Vassa N et al., 2019 [38] | Ludwig angina | Monomicrobial | Nil | Oral bleeding |
| Kocsis B et al., 2018 [39] | Meningitis | Monomicrobial | Nil | Unconsciousness, fever |
| Cobo F., 2018 [40] | Breast abscess | Monomicrobial | Nil | Pain, fever |
| Gatti M et al., 2017 [41] | Abdominal wall | Monomicrobial | Nil | Hypotension, necrotic abdominal wall |
| Eenhuis LL et al., 2016 [42] | Peritonitis | Monomicrobial | Nil | Hypotension, fever, abdominal pain |
| Oh HB et al., 2015 [43] | Pilonidal abscess | Polymicrobial | P. bivia, Peptostreptococcus spp. | Swelling of sacral region, fever |
| Hagiya H et al., 2015 [44] | Pyometra | Polymicrobial | C. clodtridioforme | Fever |
| Kottam A et al., 2015 [45] | Endocarditidis and pelvis and liver microabscesses | Monomicrobial | Nil | N.A. |
| Miller S et al., 2014 [46] | Cerebellar abscess | Polymicrobial | P. mirabilis, P. harei, B. thetaiotaomicron, A. hydrogenalis | Otorrhoea, anorexia, vomit, lethargy |
| Abdulrahman GO Jr. et al., 2015 [47] | Breast abscess | Polymicrobial | P.harei | Breast pain |
| Ong C et al., 2012 [48] | Left iliac fossa and liver abscesses | Monomicrobial | Nil | Abdominal pain, fever |
| Chudácková E et al., 2010 [52] | Pilonidal (2), cutaneous (2), anal (1), perianal (1), gas gangrene (1) | Monomicrobial (2), polimicrobial (5) | B. ureolyticus, F. nucleatum, S. milleri, P. anaerobius, S. aureus, P. acnes, Prevotella spp. | N.A. |
| Zautner AE et al., 2019 [49] | Fistula of the knee | Polymicrobial | A. europaeus | Swelling of the knee |
| Attar KH et al., 2007 [53] | Breast abscess | Monomicrobial | Nil | Pain, sweeling, fever |
| Riegert-Johnson DL et al., 2002 [50] | Hepatic abscess | Polymicrobial | B. fragilis | Fever, vomit |
Key: mNGs metagenomic next-generation sequencing, N.A. not available, UTI urinary tract infection