Table 4.
Treatment strategies and clinical outcome
| References | Source control | Administered antibiotics | Duration of therapy (days) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panwar K et al., 2019 [9] | Surgical debridement | VAN, TZP | N.A. | Full recovery |
| Saca J et al., 2023 [10] | Surgical debridement, | AMC, SAM | N.A. | Recurrence and superinfection |
| Unigarro et al., 2023 [11] | None | CARBA, LZD, CLI | 9 | Full recovery |
| Baher H et al., 2022 [12] | None | AMC, MTZ | N.A. | Full recovery |
| Gandhi K et al., 2022 [13] | None | AMC | 180 | Full recovery |
| Böttger S et al., 2022 [54] | Surgical debridement | CARBA | N.A. | Full recovery |
| Fisher M et al., 2022 [14] | None | N.A. | N.A. | Full recovery |
| Lin J et al., 2021 [15] | None | STX | 90 | Full recovery |
| Sarumathi D et al., 2020 [55] | None | MTZ, AMP | N.A. | Full recovery |
| Herrmann, AA et al., 2019 [17] | None | N.A. | N.A. | Death |
| Lowry D et al., 2019 [18] | None | N.A. | N.A. | Full recovery |
| Denham, J.D. et al., 2018 [19] | None | AMC | 180 | Full recovery |
| Snead, J.A. et al. 2018 [20] | None | TZP | 42 | Full recovery |
| Gibson AL et al., 2018 [21] | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
| Elborno, D. et al., 2016 [22] | Drainage | AMX, MTZ | 365 | Full recovery |
| Matela, A.et al., 2015 [23] | Surgical debridement | TZP, AMC | N.A. | Full recovery |
| Nickoloff, S et al., 2014 [56] | Drainage | AMC | N.A. | Full recovery |
| Shkolnik, I.et al., 2014 [25] | Drainage | CRO, MTZ | 42 | N.A. |
| Palacios D et al., 2023 [26] | Drainage | AMX | 14 | Recurrence |
| Doldán L et al., 2023 [27] | Drainage | AMX | 90 | Full recovery |
| Cronin JT et al., 2023 [28] | Surgical debridement | AMX | 420 | Full recovery |
| Tan CY et al., 2022 [51] | Surgical debridement | N.A. | 0 (0–6.5) | N.A. |
| Khan A et al., 2022 [29] | Surgical debridement | TZP, VAN, CLI, SAM, AMC | 21 | Full recovery |
| Mao TC et al., 2022 [30] | Surgical debridement | CFP, TZP, CLI | N.A. | Full recovery |
| Tabaksert A et al., 2021 [1] | Surgical debridement | CARBA, MTZ, AMX | 180 | Full recovery |
| Nia A et al., 2021 [31] | Surgical debridement | AMC, MTZ | 42 | Full recovery |
| Agrafiotis AC et al., 2021 [32] | Surgical debridement | AMC | 180 | Full recovery |
| Johnson SW et al., 2021 [33] | Dreinage | SAM, AMC | 180 | Full recovery |
| Barnes A et al., 2020 [34] | Surgical debridement | VAN, TZP, SAM, CRO, AMC | 210 | Full recovery |
| Jin W et al., 2020 [35] | Drainage | CARBA | 91 | Full recovery |
| Kansara T et al., 2020 [36] | None | MTZ, CARBA, VAN, CRO | 15 | Full recovery |
| Le Bihan A et al., 2019 [37] | None | AMX, MTZ | 70 | Full recovery |
| Vassa N et al., 2019 [38] | None | VAN, TZP, PEN, LVX, MTZ, SAM | 42 | Full recovery |
| Kocsis B et al., 2018 [39] | Surgical debridement | CRO, VAN, AMP | N.A. | Death |
| Cobo F., 2018 [40] | None | AMX | 10 | Full recovery |
| Gatti M et al., 2017 [41] | Surgical debridement | DAP, RIF, TZP, AMP | 35 | Full recovery |
| Eenhuis LL et al., 2016 [42] | Surgical debridement | CRO, GEN, and MTZ, PEN, | 210 | Full recovery |
| Oh HB et al., 2015 [43] | Surgical debridement | AMC | 7 | Full recovery |
| Hagiya H et al., 2015 [44] | Drainage | SAM | 30 | Full recovery |
| Kottam A et al., 2015 [45] | Surgical debridement | PEN, CRO, MTZ, CARBA | 60 | Full recovery |
| Miller S et al., 2014 [46] | Surgical debridement | CTX, MTZ, PEN,CIP, AMX | 210 | Full recovery |
| Abdulrahman GO Jr. et al., 2015 [47] | Drainage | AMC, PEN, AMX | 194 | Full recovery |
| Ong C et al., 2012 [48] | None | PEN, AMX | 180 | Full recovery |
| Chudácková E et al., 2010 [52] | Surgical debridement | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
| Zautner AE et al., 2019 [49] | Surgical debridement | PEN, GEN | 14 | Recurrence and superinfection |
| Attar KH et al., 2007 [53] | Surgical debridement | VAN, CXM | 21 | Full recovery |
| Riegert-Johnson DL et al., 2002 [50] | Drainage | CRO, MTZ | 150 | Full recovery |
VAN vancomycin, TZP piperacilline/tazobactam, SAM ampicillin/sulbactam, AMC amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, CARBA carbapenem, LZD linezolid, CLI clindamycin, MTZ metronidazole, STX trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, AMP ampicillin, AMX amoxicillin, CRO ceftriaxone, CFP cefoperazone, PEN penicillin, LVX levofloxacin, DAP daptomycin, RIF rifampin, GEN gentamicin, CTX cefotaxime, CIP ciprofloxacin, CXM cefuroxime