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. 2023 Nov 3;20(1):25–51. doi: 10.1007/s12015-023-10647-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — The tumor microenvironment regulates CD133. Tumor-associated cells modulate CD133 levels in cancer cells through the secretion of cytokines, growth factors, HMGB1, Shh, and Wnt ligands, and so forth. Also, toxins secreted such as LPS by bacteria could modulate CD133 expression [172, 184, 207].These factors induce signaling pathways that positively regulate CD133 expression. Created with BioRender.com