Table 1.
Details of different treatments imposed.
| S. no | Treatment | Details |
|---|---|---|
| T1 | Conventional tillage wheat (CTW) drill sown after full residue burning | Anchored stubbles (the stubbles remaining intact in the field after mechanical harvest of rice crop) were cut with shrub master machine. Burning of crop residues was done by putting the loose straw on flame fires in the field itself after harvesting of the rice crop and before applying the pre-sowing irrigation in the field. For field preparation, two harrowing and one-time rotavator followed by planking were used. Sowing was done by using the zero-tillage drill |
| T2 | CTW drill sown after removal of residues (without burning) | Anchored stubbles were cut with shrub master machine. Loose straw was collected from the field manually and taken out. Two harrowing and one-time rotavator followed by planking were used for field preparation. Sowing was done by using the zero-tillage drill |
| T3 | Zero tillage wheat (ZTW) with anchored stubbles | Loose straw was removed manually and only anchored stubbles (30% residue) were maintained. Sowing was done by directly drilling with Zero-till drill under no-till situations in anchored stubbles |
| T4 | ZTW after anchored stubbles partial burning | Loose straw was removed manually, and partial burning of anchored stubbles was done by flame fires. In no-till situation, sowing was carried out by directly drilling with a zero-till drill |
| T5 | ZTW after full residue burning | Complete burning of all crop residues including anchored stubbles cut with shrub master was done. Flame fires were used for burning the residues. In no-till situation, sowing was carried out by directly drilling with a zero-till drill |
| T6 | ZTW with Happy seeder (HS) in full residue load | Full residues (6 t ha−1) was maintained on surface under no-till situations. There were anchored stubbles and loose straw uniformly spread in the whole plot. The Happy seeder machine was used for sowing the seed in loose stubbles |
| T7 | ZTW with Happy seeder after using chopper & spreader (full residue load) | Full residues (6 t ha-1) was maintained on surface under no-till situations. These residues were cut into pieces and spread uniformly by use of Chopper and Spreader machine before sowing of the succeeding wheat crop. The Happy seeder machine was used for sowing the seed in loose stubbles |
| T8 | CTW broadcast sown with rotavator after using chopper & spreader (full residue load) | Full residue of 6 t ha−1 was maintained. Residues were cut into pieces and spread uniformly by use of Chopper and Spreader machine. Residues were mixed in soil by using the rotavator twice followed by planking. Sowing was done by broadcast of seed along with fertilizer and mixing with second pass of rotavator |
| T9 | CTW drill sown after using chopper, spreader & rotavator (full residue load) | Full residue of 6 t ha−1 was maintained. Residues were cut into pieces and spread uniformly by use of Chopper and Spreader machine. Residues were mixed in soil by using the rotavator twice followed by planking. Sowing was done by using zero-till drill |
| T10 | CTW spatial drill sown after using chopper & spreader (full residue load) | Full residue of 6 t ha−1 was retained in the field. Residues were cut into pieces and spread uniformly by use of Chopper and Spreader machine. The residues were mixed in soil by using the rotavator twice followed by planking. Sowing was done by using Spatial drill, which avoids collection of residue in heaps over the sowing rows |