Figure 1.
Examples of lymphatic microphysiological systems that may be used to evaluate vaccines. (A) A divergent channel perfusion system is used to evaluate the effect of lymph node subcapsular sinus microenvironment-mimicking flow on cancer and immune cell adhesion in vitro. 20 (Source: Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2021 Elsevier.) (B) Murine lymph node slices cultured ex vivo can model cellular adaptive immune responses and antigen-specific responses. 27 (Source: Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society.) (C) A lymph node follicle on a chip can induce ectopic lymph node follicle formation from primary B- and T-cells under flow to model lymph node germinal centers. In right confocal images, green denotes extracellular matrix fibers by second harmonic imaging and magenta denotes Hoechst staining of culture lymphocytes. 30 (Source: Reproduced with permission, an open-access journal printed by 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)