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. 2024 Jan 22;10:13. doi: 10.1038/s41378-023-00646-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a The FEA model (ANSYS APDL) consisting of substrate (blue), PZT thin film (purple), and tapered optical fiber (red). The boundary conditions are set to 0 displacement and rotation at the left-hand side of the device, and at the mounting holes on the right. b FEA mode shapes showing 2D motion excited by one-dimensional actuation: (1) Vertical fiber motion @ 3189 Hz. (2) Horizontal fiber motion @ 3190 Hz. c Simulated vertical and horizontal displacement from 0–9 kHz with a tapered fiber tip. (Ux: Horizontal, Uz: Vertical displacement)