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. 2024 Jan 8;14:1305359. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1305359

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Copyright © 2024 Chan, Tsai, Chern and Yang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Node-based network and dysfunctional modules in schizophrenia. (A) Conceptual representations of network-FC, single-FC and hub-node FC. Brain regions connected to single-FCs with further connections to other brain regions are denoted as hub-node FCs. (B) The thalamus module with right thalamus (Label 78) and left thalamus (Label 77) being the key dysfunctional hubs. All single-FCs and hub-node FCs are clustered and arranged in hierarchical orders. (C) Dysfunctional modules formed by network-FCs. A larger dysfunctional network was formed between the right thalamus (Label 78) and the left thalamus (Label 77). A smaller dysfunctional network was formed between the right Heschl gyrus (Label 80), the right superior temporal gyrus (Label 82) and the right middle temporal pole (Label 88). Brain regions are represented by numerical label of the AAL-90 atlas (Supplementary Table S1).