Table 1.
Detailed characteristics of each of the included literature studies.
| Study | Country | Sample size | Female ratio | Mean age years | Intervention | Frequency and period | Outcome measures | Outcome | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E | C | E | C | E | C | E | C | |||||
| Bonab and Parvaneh (2022) (31) | Iran | 35 | 35 | 100% | 60–70 | 24-TC | routine daily activities | three 60-min sessions/12 weeks | DAS | Anxiety | ||
| Liao, et al. (2018) (32) | China | 55 | 52 | 65% | 58% | 71.8 ± 7.29 | 71.75 ± 8.20 | YS-TC | health education | three 50 min sessions/3 months | GDS | depression |
| Ge, et al. (2022) (33) | China | 32 | 33 | 34.4% | 51.5% | 70.16 ± 5.40 | 72.91 ± 6.61 | YS-TC | routine daily activities | three 60-min sessions/8 weeks | GDS | depression |
| Song, et al. (2022) (18) | China | 20 | 20 | 100% | 64.15 ± 8.56 | 64.15 ± 8.56 | TCEP | health education | three 60-min sessions/12 weeks | SAS.SDS | Anxiety depression | |
| Li, et al. (2019) (34) | China | 163 | 163 | 55.8% | 58.3% | 63.61 ± 6.62 | 65.44 ± 5.79 | YS-TC | physical exercise | seven 60-min sessions/6 months | SAS.SDS | Anxiety depression |
| Redwine et al. (2020) (35) | USA | 24 | 23 | 8% | 13% | 63 ± 9 | 67 ± 7 | YS-TC | usual care | Two 60-min sessions/16 weeks | BDI-IA | depression |
| Lam, et al. (2014) (36) | China | 171 | 218 | 73.1% | 78.9% | 77.2 ± 6.3 | 78.3 ± 6.6 | 24-TC | physical exercise | three 30-min sessions/1 year | CSDD | depression |
| Hsu, et al. (2016) (37) | China | 30 | 30 | 63% | 80.7 ± 9.68 | 81.77 ± 6.32 | TCEP | routine daily activities | three 40 min sessions /26 weeks | GDS | depression | |
| Huang, et al. (2019) (38) | China | 36 | 38 | 70% | 65% | 81.9 ± 6.0 | 81.9 ± 6.1 | TCEP | usual care | three 20 min sessions/10 months | GDS | depression |
| Chou, et al. (2004) (39) | China | 7 | 7 | NA | 72.6 ± 4.2 | YS-TC | usual care | three 45 min sessions/3 months | CES-D | depression | ||
| Ma, et al. (2018) (40) | China | 79 | 79 | 32% | 30% | 70.2 ± 10.25 | 69.7 ± 10.84 | 24-TC | usual care | Three to five 90 sessions/6 months | CES-D | depression |
| Leung, et al. (2013) (41) | Australia | 19 | 19 | 29% | 73 ± 8 | SS-TC | usual care | Five 30 min sessions/12 weeks | HADS | Anxiety depression | ||
| Yeh, et al. (2020) (42) | American | 61 | 31 | 30% | 42% | 68.6 ± 9.2 | 68.1 ± 6.7 | YS-TC | health education | Three 30 min sessions/12 weeks | CES-D | depression |
| Yildirim et al. (2016) (43) | Turkey | 30 | 30 | 90% | 87% | 62.9 ± 6.5 | 64.4 ± 7.5 | YS-TC | physical exercise | three1hour sessions/12 weeks | GDS | depression |
| Solianik et al. (2021) (44) | Lithuania | 15 | 15 | 87% | 77% | ≥60 | YS-TC | usual care | Two 60 min sessions/10 weeks | HANDS | Anxiety depression | |
| Noradechanunt et al. (2017) (45) | Australia | 13 | 13 | 69% | 87% | 66.6 ± 6.7 | SS-TC | physical exercise | Two 90 min sessions/24 weeks | CES-D | depression | |
| Yuan et al. (2016) (46) | China | 30 | 30 | 43% | 47% | 66.33 ± 5.56 | 67.47 ± 3.82 | 24-TC | usual care | Five 20-40 min sessions/12 weeks | HAMD | depression |
| Liu (2016) (47) | China | 32 | 31 | 100% | 66.3 ± 2.7 | 65.8 ± 3.2 | 24-TC | usual care | Five 60 min sessions /16 weeks | SCL-90 | Anxiety depression | |
| Liao (2015) (48) | China | 40 | 40 | 100% | 63. 1 ± 4. 20 | 62. 8 ± 3. 65 | 24-TC | usual care | Three 60 min sessions /24 weeks | SCL-90 | Anxiety depression | |
| Li et al. (2017) (49) | China | 30 | 30 | 50% | 65.83 ± 5.71 | 56.27 ± 5.40 | 24-TC | routine daily activities | Five to six 80 min sessions /6 months | HAMA | Anxiety | |
E, experiment group; C, control group; 24-TC, 24-form Simplified Tai Chi; YS-TC, Yang-style Tai Chi; SS-TC, Sun-style Tai Chi; TCEP, Tai Chi exercise programs; DAS, death anxiety scale; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; SAS, Self-rating Anxiety Scale; SDS, Self-rating depression Scale; BDI-IA, The 21-item Beck Depression Inventory − 1A; CSDD, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; CES-D, Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IDS-C, Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology; HRSD, Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression; HAMA, Hamilton Rating Scale of Anxiety; HAMD, Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression; CMI, Cornell Medical Index.