Table 2.
Quality assessment of quasi-experimental studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Appraisal Checklist.
| Study | 1. Is it clear in the study what is the ‘cause’ and what is the ‘effect’ | 2. Were the participants included in any comparisons similar? | 3. Were the participants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care, other than the exposure or intervention of interest? | 4. Was there a control group? | 5. Were there multiple measurements of the outcome both pre and post the intervention/exposure? | 6. Was follow up complete and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow up adequately described and analyzed? | 7. Were the outcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way? | 8. Were outcomes measured in a reliable way? | 9. Was appropriate statistical analysis used? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Levendoğlu 2004 | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Rhee 2019 | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Zhou 2023 | yes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Zhou 2020 | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Carney 1987 | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| Rezaei 2015 | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |