TABLE 4.
Sensors discussed in Section 5.1 for detection of intracellular cAMP and PKA activity or phosphorylation.
| Fluorescent sensor (use) | Structural details | References |
|---|---|---|
| FlCRhR ‘Flicker’ (cAMP sensor, PKA activity) | Fluorescein/rhodamine FRET pair bound to catalytic and regulatory subunits of PKA respectively | Adams et al. (1991) |
| Genetically encoded PKA-based sensor (cAMP sensor, PKA activity) | CFP/YFP FRET pair bound to regulatory and catalytic subunit of PKA respectively | Zaccolo et al. (2000) |
| Epac-camps (cAMP sensor) | cyclic nucleotide binding domain (CNBD) from Epac sandwiched between CFP/YFP FRET pair | Nikolaev et al. (2004) |
| Epac-SH187 (cAMP sensor) | Full-length Epac sandwiched between mTurqiose2/circularly permuted (cp)Venus FRET pair | Klarenbeek et al. (2015) |
| HCN2-camps (cAMP sensor) | CNBD of hyperpolarisation-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel HCN2 sandwiched between CFP/YFP FRET pair | Nikolaev et al. (2006a) |
| ICUE1 (targeted cAMP sensor) | Full-length Epac1 sandwiched between ECFP/citrine FRET pair with targeting domain bound to ECFP or citrine | DiPilato et al. (2004) |
| CAMYEL (cAMP sensor) | Epac1 mutant sandwiched between RLuc/EYFP BRET pair | Jiang et al. (2007) |
| ICUE2-based BRET sensor (cAMP sensor) | Epac CNBD sandwiched between RLuc/YFP BRET pair | Barak et al. (2008) |
| Epac-based BRET2 sensor (cAMP sensor) | Epac1 mutant sandwiched between RLuc/GFP BRET pair | Leduc et al. (2009) |
| cAMP universal tag for imaging experiments (CUTie) (targeted cAMP sensor) | ECFP/EYFP FRET pair fused to C-terminus and loop region of CNBD from PKA-RIIβ. Targeting domain is fused to CNBD N-terminus | Surdo et al. (2017) |
| A-kinase activity reporter ‘AKAR’ (PKA phosphorylation) | CFP/YFP FRET pair fused to phosphoamino acid binding domain and PKA-specific phosphorylatable sequence | Zhang et al. (2001) |
| AKAR4 (PKA phosphorylation) | Cerulean/cpVenus FRET pair fused to phosphoamino acid binding domain and PKA-specific phosphorylatable sequence | Depry et al. (2011) |