Table 2.
Likelihood of Yellow Flag by Construct in Each Phenotype
| High Distress |
Negative Pain Coping |
Low Distress |
Low Self-Efficacy and Acceptance |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cluster Size (%) | 41 | 25 | 23 | 11 | ||
| n | Questionnaire | Construct | 299 | 176 | 172 | 74 |
| Negative mood domain | STAXI | Anger | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.21 | 0.23 |
| STAI | Anxiety | 0.76 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.37 | |
| PHQ-9 | Depression | 0.68 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.30 | |
| Negative coping domain | FABQ-PA | Fear avoidance—physical activity | 0.83 | 0.63 | 0.26 | 0.38 |
| FABQ-W | Fear avoidance—work | 0.87 | 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.27 | |
| PASS | Pain anxiety | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.01 | 0.09 | |
| TSK-11 | Kinesiophobia | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.15 | 0.30 | |
| PCS | Pain catastrophizing | 0.96 | 0.74 | 0.06 | 0.10 | |
| Positive affect coping domain | CPAQ | Pain acceptance | 0.98 | 0.58 | 0.09 | 0.72 |
| PSEQ | Pain self-efficacy | 1.00 | 0.48 | 0.06 | 0.82 | |
| SER | Rehabilitation self-efficacy | 0.86 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.77 | |
NOTE. Each score represents the probability of a patient in the specific phenotypic class having a yellow flag from that psychological questionnaire. For example, the probability of a patient in the low distress class having a yellow flag in the Patient Health Questionnaire (negative mood domain) is 0.06.
CPAQ, Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire; FABQ-PA, Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire Physical Activity Subscale; FABQ-W, Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire Work Subscale; PASS, Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9; PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; SER, Self-Efficacy for Rehabilitation; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAXI, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory; TSK-11, Tampa Scale of Kinesophobia.