Table 4.
Study features and outcome measures (N = 36).
| Article | Region | Muscles | Exercise | Parameters | Muscle Activation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [42] | UE | UT, LT, SA, ADelt, IS | OKC: robbery exercise while seated and standing: shoulder position; (1) 20° abduction [W], (2) 90° abduction [90/90] | 12 sets, 5 reps/set, 0%, 3%, 7% BW, 45 bpm % MVIC sEMG |
Seated 90/90: UT: 85.4 (26.7), IS: 82.3 (15.0), SA: 71.1 (25.9), LT: 66.1 (17.9), ADelt: 55.3 (27.5) |
| [44] | UE | UT, IS, PM, MDelt | OKC: (1) 150° shoulder flexion scapular plane (SP); elbow joint extended, wrist 85° dorsiflexion: 5% body weight (BW) force, (2) same as condition 1: 10% BW force, (3) 120° shoulder flex SP: 5% BW force, (4) same as condition 3: 10% BW force, (5) 90° flexion SP: 5% BW force, (6) same as condition 5: 10% BW force | conditions 1~6 compared iEMG (µV) |
Condition 2: MDelt: 1121.3 (603.2) Condition 1: IS: 527.2 (259.3) Condition 1: UT: 422.9 (153.0) |
| [45] | UE | SA, IS, ADelt, PM, LD | CKC: Exercise 1~7: press up 7 static variations | 3 reps with 10 s hold % MVIC sEMG |
Exercise 6: SA: 133.9 (69.5), IS: 77.0 (50.1), ADelt: 47.6 (23.9), LD: 47.4 (38.0), PM: 20.9 (13.4) |
| [49] | UE | UT, MT, LT, SA, PM, ADelt, PDelt, LD | CKC: (1) half push-up, (2) knee push-up, (3) knee-prone bridging plus, (4) pull-up without vs. with red cord sling (RS) | 5 reps, 3 s concentric and 3 s eccentric, 60 bpm normalized sEMG |
RS: Half push-up: PM: 94.0 (62.9), PDelt: 29.9 (24.0). Pull-up: LD: 83.5 (60.1) No RS: Knee-prone bridging plus: SA: 57.0 (27.2), ADelt: 71.3 (52.3), Pull-up: MT: 68.8 (29.4), LT: 69.4 (33.7). |
| [53] | UE | SA, UT, MT, LT | CKC: (1) cuff link (CL), (2) push-up (PU), (3) supine pull-up (SP) | 5 trials, 2 s/trial % MVIC sEMG |
SP: MT: 62.5 (86.5), UT: 61.4 (91.3), LT: 60.2 (95.6). PU: SA: 50.2 (69.0) No overhead: LT: 36.5 (33.1), UT: 34.6 (36.3), Overhead: SA: 40.5 (22.1) |
| [56] | UE | ADelt, UT, LT, SA, SS, IS | (1) supine elevation with the opposite hand, (2) forward bow, (3) washcloth press-up hands close, (4) towel slide, (5) scapular protraction on ball, (6) washcloth press-up hands farther apart, (7) supine press-up, (8) wedge press-up, (9) ipsilateral (ips) step-up with ball, (10) ips step-up, no ball, (11) ips shoulder flexion, (12) standing press-up | 8 reps, 12 exercises % MVIC sEMG |
Standing press-up: ADelt: 31.0 (11.0), SS: 29.0 (18.0), UT: 24.0 (8.0), SA: 29.0 (13.0). Ips step-up with ball: UT: 24.0 (8.0) |
| [57] | UE | IS, PM, SA, MT | scapular retraction supinated row | 20 reps, 50% isometric maximum % MVIC sEMG |
Maximal external rotation: 30~0°: MT: 108.0, SA: 92.0 |
| [58] | UE | UT, MT, LT, SA | CKC: (1) standard knee push-up plus (KPP), (2) KPP heterolateral leg extension (ext), (3) KPP homolateral leg ext, (4) KPP wobble board, (5) KPP heterolateral leg ext and wobble board, (6) KPP homolateral leg ext and wobble board, (7) one-handed KPP | 5 reps, 60 bpm/rep % MVIC sEMG |
Exercise 3: SA: 44.2 (18.7) Exercise 2: LT: 20.1 (10.1) |
| [61] | UE | SA, MT, LT | CKC: (1) cuff link, (2) standard push-up | 10 revs or reps/2 s, 60 bpm % MVIC sEMG |
Cuff link: SA: 74.4 (114.4). Push-up: LT: 36.2 (55.2), MT: 27.0 (47.2) |
| [67] | UE | UT, ADelt, SA, PM | (1) non-weight bearing, (2) partial weight bearing, (3) full weight bearing | 3 trials, 5 revolutions % MVIC sEMG |
Full weight bearing: SA: 81.4 (96.6), PM: 35.4 (27.4), ADelt: 22.7 (19.1) |
| [68] | UE | PM, ADelt, PDelt, IS, SS | (1) unsupported, (2) supported–vertical (short lever arm) and diagonal (long lever arm) exercises | % MVIC sEMG | Unsupported: Diagonal: SS: 21.6 (10.5) |
| [48] | UE | UT, LT, SA, BB, TMaj, PDelt | CKC: (1~3) stable base, (4~6) without a stable base | each exercise performed for 10 s % MVIC sEMG |
Position 2: SA: 112.0 (2.0), LT: 84.0 (2.0), TMaj: 74.0 (2.0), PDelt: 67.0 (2.0), Position 6: UT: 94.0 (2.0), Position 3: BB: 65.0 (2.0) |
| [54] | UE | BB, TB, ADelt, PDelt, UT, SA, PM | CKC: (1) wall press, (2) bench press | 3 trials, 6 s hold at 80% load % MVIC sEMG |
Bench press: SA: 36.6 (14.3), TB: 33.5 (13.4) |
| [23] | UE | PM, TB, BB, SS, ADelt, MDelt, PDelt | CKC: (1) push-up, (2) bench press | 12 s % MVIC sEMG |
Bench press: PM: 99.8 (110.6), TB: 93.1 (103.0), MDelt: 64.3 (74.2), BB: 42.3 (52.4), SS: 38.0 (48.5). Push-up: ADelt: 60.3 (70.5) |
| [62] | UE | BB, ADelt, PM, UT, SA | CKC: dominant side exercise: (1) wall press(stable base), (2) wall press(medicine ball), (3) push up(stable base), (4) push up(medicine ball), (5) bench press(stable base), (6) bench press(medicine ball) | 3 trials, 4 s % MVIC sEMG |
Wall press on medicine ball: UT: 90.0 (160.0). Push-up standard: SA: 77.3 (123.0), PM: 49.5 (89.0). Push-up on medicine ball: ADelt: 67.7 (90.0) |
| [37] | UE | SS, IS, USSC, ADelt, MDelt, PDelt, UT, LT, MT, SA, BB | CKC: (1~3) crossbody rotation (CBR) high, mid, low, (4) overhead reach (OHR), (5) ipsilateral floor touch (IFT) L: low, N: no stepping, S: stepping |
10 reps, 5 exercises statically (no stepping) and 5 dynamically (with stepping) % MVIC sEMG |
CBRLN: USSC: 68.3 (150.8) CBRLS: SA: 200.7 (390.5) OHRS: UT: 28.0 (44.4), SS: 23.0 (48.8), MT: 20.7 (32.6) IFTS: LT: 28.6 (52.3) |
| [65] | UE | SS, IS, USSC, ADelt, MDelt, PDelt, UT, MT, LT, SA, BB | (1) scapular clock counterclockwise (SCCCW), (2) scapular clock clockwise (SCCW), (3) scapular depression (SCD), (4) scapular elevation (SCE), (5) scapular protraction (SCP), (6) scapular retraction (SCR) | 1 set, 10 reps % MVIC sEMG |
SCCCW: UT: 91.0 (147.0) SCCW: USSC: 61.8 (114.8), SS: 53.1 (86.1), ADelt: 28.0 (68.5) SCD: SA: 46.5 (87.3) SCR: MT: 93.3 (130.2), LT: 71.8 (102.8) |
| [46] | LE | GMax, BF, VL | CKC: (1) back squat, (2) barbell hip thrust | 10 reps, 10 RM (dynamic) and 3 s isohold (static) % MVIC sEMG |
Static Hip thrust: LGMax: 115.7 (47.4), UGMax: 87.1 (79.4), BF: 42.5 (29.6). Squat: VL: 133.7 (107.6) |
| [47] | LE | RF, GMax, BF | CKC: bilateral hip extension on glute machine | 3 explosive reps, 1.5 s/rep sEMG (µV) |
Right side muscles: GMax: 70.1 (78.9), RF: 66.6 (74.6), BF: 47.6 (58.6) |
| [60] | LE | BF, RF, VL | CKC: (1) leg extension, (2) squat, (3) deadlift, (4) lunge, (5) step up | 2 full ROM reps-6 RM load % MVIC sEMG |
Deadlift: BF: 54.7 (75.5). Leg extension: RF: 86.6 (101.7). Lunge and Squat: VL: 93.3 (106.6) and 90.0 (109.0) |
| [66] | LE | VM, VL, BF, SM | jumping | 3 trials % MVIC sEMG |
15~55° knee ROM: Females: VL: 223.3 (338.2), VM: 213.5 (286.2). Males: BF: 50.1 (74.3). Both: SM: 36.9 (68.1) |
| [64] | LE | RF, BF, GT | CKC: leg press in two postures: supine and trunk upright | two 5 s MVCs, 6 knee angles 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90° % MVIC iEMG |
Supine: RF: 90°: 45.3 (7.3), GT: 30°: 45.0 (4.7) Trunk upright: GT: 30°: 58.0 (4.5), RF: 90°: 45.0 (7.6), BF: 15°: 26.5 (2.3) |
| [69] | LE | TA, PL, SOL, LGT | (1) single-leg stance (SLS), (2) side-stepping (SSt), (3) high knees (HK)–with sandals and foam surface, (4) Tband kicks–sagittal and frontal planes | 3 trials-SLS (12 s), SSt and HK: 10 cycles (52 bpm) T-band kicks: 20 kicks (112 bpm) mean sEMG (V) |
SLS: SOL: 0.6 (0.9), LG: 0.5 (0.6) HK: TA: 1.0 (1.4), PL: 1.0 (1.4) SLS vs. Tband: SLS: TA: 1.0 (0.4), PL: 1.0 (0.4), SOL: 0.6 (0.3), LG: 0.5 (0.1) |
| [72] | LE | VM, VL, RF, BF, SM, ST, GT | CKC: (1) leg press, (2) squat, (3) knee extension | 4 reps, 12 RM load % MVIC sEMG |
Squat: 88~102°: VM: 61.0 (12.0), VL: 54.0 (8.0), RF: 48.0 (18.0), 60~74°: BF: 36.0 (13.0), SM-ST: 33.0 (12.0). Knee extension: 11~26°: VL: 54.0 (8.0), RF: 48.0 (18.0) |
| [24] | LE | VL, RF, SM, ST, BF, GT, TFL, GMax | OKC and CKC: isometric knee extension | 1 set 3 MVIC trials, 3 s hold normalized iEMG |
CKC: VM: 0.3 (0.4) OKC: RF: 0.3 (0.3) |
| [70] | LE | GMax, Hams, VL, SOL | CKC: (1) wall slide, (2) squat in four positions: IP:FF, H1P:I-L, SCAP:FF, SCAPI-L. | 5 reps, 80 bpm (4 count/rep) % MVIC sEMG |
Squat: GMax: 30.5 (9.3), Hams: 26.6 (9.9). Wall press: SOL: 91.8 (24.3), VL: 27.0 (13.2) |
| [71] | LE | GMax, Hams, VM, RF, VL, GT | CKC: unloaded squat | 3 trials, 4 reps, 50 bpm (3.6 s/rep) % MVIC sEMG |
Concentric: 90~60°: VM: 67.6 (65.2), VL: 62.7 (77.3) Eccentric: RF: 48.5 (38.7) Isometric: 90°: RF: 48.3 (44.8) |
| [73] | LE | GMax, QF, Hams, TA, MGT | (1) CKC–Stairmaster machine (SM) (2) OKC–flexion-extension-Cybex |
SM: 1 set and 7 loads: low, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 (2~3 min). Cybex: 3 reps-60° and 180°, 20 reps-240° (2 s/rep) | -- |
| [55] | Tr | RA, EO, TrA/IO | single leg hold (SLH)–floor vs. foam roller | 5 s hold % MVIC sEMG |
Foam roller: EO: 39.7 (19.6), TrA/IO: 31.8 (16.9), RA: 23.4 (10.7) |
| [63] | Tr | IO, EO, RA, MF, ICLT, LTh, LD | seated axial submaximal dynamic rotations | 5 reps, 5 s at 30%, 50%, 70% load % MVIC sEMG |
Away from midline: Ipsilateral: ICLT: 70% load: 131.5, 50%: 118.4, 30%: 88.5 Contralateral: MF: 70%: 101.3, 50%: 91.4, 30%: 73.8 |
| [22] | UE, LE | GMed, BF, LD, LT, UT, SA | (1) airplane ER, (2) airplane IR, (3) lunge, (4) get-up exercise, (5) single-leg balance, (6~8) traditional resistance exercise: I, T, Y | 3 trials, 2 s/rep % MVIC sEMG |
Airplane IR: BF: 29.9 (11.8) Airplane ER: GM: 20.3 (11.7) |
| [43] | UE, LE | GMed, LT, UT, SA | OKC: maximal throw effort 4-seam fastballs for strikes: fastest throw selected for analysis | phase 1: foot contact phase 2: ball release ER phase 3: ball release IR % MVIC sEMG |
Phase 2: RGMed: 66.8 (18.6), UT: 45.8 (21.6), SA: 31.5 (14.3) Phase 3: UT: 45.5 (21.3), SA: 36.8 (19.1), RGMed: 31.9 (10.6) |
| [50] | UE, LE | GMax, LT, UT, IS, ADelt | (1) static overhead (OH), (2–3) static and dynamic physioball (PB), (4) shoulder dump, (5–6) ipsilateral (ips) and contralateral (cont) leg external rotation (ER), (7) static abduction (ABD), (8–9) ips and cont leg abduction (ABD), (10) static flexion, (11–12) ips and cont leg flexion | 3 reps, dynamic and 5 s-static exercise % MVIC sEMG |
Single plane: GMax: Ips ER: 46.5 (56.6), UT: Con ABD: 66.2 (70.7), ADelt: Ips ABD: 45.6 (50.1) Dynamic: LT: PB: 65.9 (70.7), IS: PB: 49.9 (54.4) |
| [52] | UE, Tr | BB, TB, PM, LD, RA, ES | CKC: (1) chin-ups, (2) lat pull-downs | 5 reps, 2 s/rep normalized sEMG |
Chin-ups: concentric: BB: 0.8 (1.1), LD: 0.7 (1.1), ES: 0.5 (0.8) Lat pull-down: eccentric: RA: 0.4 (0.7) |
| [51] | LE, Tr | VM, VL, RF, BF, ST, GMed, GMax, ES | CKC: forward lunge with dumbbell and elastic bands | 3 reps, 10 RM, slow (3 s) and fast (ballistic), 3 loads: 33%, 66%, 100% RM % MVIC sEMG |
Elastic: 84°: VL: 105.0 (110.0) and GMax: 61.0 (66.0), 54°: RES: 51.0 (53.0), 84°: LES: 53.0 (59.0), 64°: GMed: 62.0 (64.0), 34°: BF: 45.0 (48.0), 24°: ST: 35.0 (37.0) Dumbbell: 84°: VM: 113.0 (119.0) and RF: 81.0 (86.0) |
| [59] | LE, Tr | AL, GMax, GMed, RA, EO, ES | (1) land walking (LW), (2) water walking (WW), (3) deep water running (DWR) | self-paced slow, moderate, fast speed, 8 s, 2 reps % MVIC sEMG |
DWR: Slow: GMax: 15.2 (8.8), GMed: 14.3 (5.6), AL: 7.3 (5.9). Moderate: ES: 14.8 (10.5), GMax: 14.6 (8.4), AL: 10.6 (7.4), EO: 7.9 (3.8), RA: 3.7 (2.3). Fast: GMax: 19.1 (12.4), GMed: 18.7 (8.0), AL: 14.0 (7.5), EO: 10.4 (4.8) WW: Fast: ES: 16.6 (8.5) |
Region, based on included muscles and dominant side; LE, lower extremity; UE, upper extremity; Tr, trunk; muscle activation (surface electromyogram (sEMG)), mean (standard deviation); MIE, maximal isometric effort; normalized sEMG value in % MVIC, low (≤20% MVIC), moderate (21~40%), high (41~60%), and very high (>60%); BB, biceps brachii; TB, triceps brachii; ADelt, anterior deltoid; MDelt, middle deltoid; PDelt, posterior deltoid; Trap, trapezius; UT, upper trapezius; MT, middle trapezius; LT, lower trapezius; TMaj, teres major; SS, supraspinatus; IS, infraspinatus; LD, latissimus dorsi; SA, serratus anterior; USSC, upper subscapularis; PM, pectoralis major; ES, erector spinae; RA, rectus abdominus; EO, external oblique; TrA, transverse abdominus; IO, internal oblique; ICTL, iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracic; LTh, longissimus thoracic; MF, multifidus; GMax, gluteus maximus; GMed, gluteus medius; RGMed, right GMed; LGMed, left GMed; AL, adductor longus; QF, quadratus femoris; RF, rectus femoris; VM, vastus medialis; VL, vastus lateralis; BF, biceps femoris; ST, semitendinous; SM, semimembranous; TFL, tensor fascia latae; TA, tibialis anterior; PL, peroneus longus; SOL, soleus; GT, gastrocnemius; MGT, medial GT; LGT, lateral GT.