Table 2.
Characteristics of the study sample: nonagenarians (94–99 years), and centenarians (100 years and over). Subgroups of women and participants aged 94–99 years served as comparators in statistical analyses.
| All (n = 289) |
Women (n = 225) |
Men (n = 64) |
94–99 Years (n = 202) |
≥100 Years (n = 87) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [yrs ± SD] | 98.3 ± 2.6 | 98.4 ± 2.5 | 98.2 ± 2.8 | 96.9 ± 1.5 | 101.5 ± 1.5 *** |
| Living at home [n (%)] | 239 (82.7) | 180 (80.0) | 59 (92.2) | 169 (83.7) | 70 (80.5) |
| Living in an institution [n (%)] | 50 (17.3) | 45 (20.0) | 5 (7.8) * | 33 (16.3) | 17 (19.5) |
| Education level | |||||
| <8 yrs [n (%)] | 88 (37.9) | 77 (42.5) | 11 (21.6) | 67 (39.9) | 21 (32.8) |
| 8–13 yrs [n (%)] | 92 (39.7) | 71 (39.2) | 21 (41.2) | 64 (38.1) | 28 (43.8) |
| >13 yrs [n (%)] | 52 (22.4) | 33 (18.2) | 19 (37.3) ** | 37 (22.0) | 15 (23.4) |
| Missing data [n] | 57 | 44 | 13 | 34 | 23 |
| ADL score | 3.8 ± 1.8 | 3.6 ± 1.8 | 4.4 ± 1.8 ** | 4.1 ± 1.8 | 3.1 ± 1.8 *** |
| Dependent [n (%)] | 67 (23.2) | 55 (24.4) | 12 (18.8) | 36 (17.8) | 31 (35.6) |
| Partially dependent [n (%)] | 102 (35.3) | 90 (40.0) | 12 (18.8) | 65 (32.2) | 37 (42.5) |
| Independent [n (%)] | 120 (41.5) | 80 (35.6) | 40 (62.5) *** | 101 (50.0) | 19 (21.8) *** |
| IADL score | 13.6 ± 4.9 | 13.1 ± 4.6 | 15.2 ± 5.5 ** | 14.4 ± 5.0 | 11.6 ± 4.2 *** |
| Dependent [n (%)] | 235 (81.3) | 190 (84.4) | 45 (70.3) | 156 (77.2) | 79 (90.8) |
| Partially dependent [n (%)] | 44 (15.2) | 31 (13.8) | 13 (20.3) | 37 (18.3) | 7 (8.0) |
| Independent [n (%)] | 10 (3.5) | 4 (1.8) | 6 (9.4) ** | 9 (4.5) | 1 (1.1) * |
| MMSE score | 22 (15–26) | 21 (14–25) | 24 (20–26) ** | 23 (18–26) | 17 (11–23) *** |
| No dementia [n (%)] | 119 (42.0) | 84 (38.4) | 35 (54.7) | 100 (49.8) | 19 (23.2) |
| Mild/moderate dementia [n (%)] | 126 (44.5) | 99 (45.2) | 27 (42.2) | 82 (40.8) | 44 (53.7) |
| Severe dementia [n (%)] | 38 (13.4) | 36 (16.4) | 2 (3.1) ** | 19 (9.5) | 19 (23.2) *** |
| Missing data [n] | 6 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| Vision impairment | |||||
| No impairment [n (%)] | 119 (41.5) | 82 (36.8) | 37 (57.8) | 97 (48.5) | 22 (25.3) |
| Mild impairment [n (%)] | 50 (17.4) | 42 (18.8) | 8 (12.5) | 34 (17.0) | 16 (18.4) |
| Moderate impairment [n (%)] | 73 (25.4) | 61 (27.4) | 12 (18.8) | 49 (24.5) | 24 (27.6) |
| Severe impairment [n (%)] | 45 (15.7) | 38 (17.0) | 7 (10.9) * | 20 (10.0) | 25 (28.7) *** |
| Missing data [n] | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Hearing impairment | |||||
| No impairment [n (%)] | 84 (30.2) | 61 (28.5) | 23 (35.9) | 65 (32.8) | 19 (23.8) |
| Moderate impairment [n (%)] | 134 (48.2) | 107 (50.0) | 27 (42.2) | 92 (46.5) | 42 (52.5) |
| Severe impairment [n (%)] | 60 (21.6) | 46 (21.5) | 14 (21.9) | 41 (20.7) | 19 (23.8) |
| Missing data [n] | 11 | 11 | 0 | 4 | 7 |
| CVD [n (%)] | 185 (64.9) | 144 (64.9) | 41 (65.1) | 130 (65.3) | 55 (64.0) |
| Missing data [n] | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| Hypertension [n (%)] | 193 (66.8) | 154 (68.4) | 39 (60.9) | 140 (69.3) | 53 (60.9) |
| Past stroke [n (%)] | 33 (12.1) | 26 (12.2) | 7 (11.7) | 18 (9.5) | 15 (18.1) * |
| Missing data [n] | 16 | 12 | 4 | 12 | 4 |
| Diabetes [n (%)] | 40 (13.9) | 30 (13.5) | 10 (15.6) | 34 (17.0) | 6 (6.9) * |
| Missing data [n] | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Arthritis [n (%)] | 77 (26.6) | 69 (30.7) | 8 (12.5) ** | 52 (25.7) | 25 (28.7) |
| Osteoporosis [n (%)] | 54 (19.9) | 45 (21.2) | 9 (15.0) | 44 (23.0) | 10 (12.3) * |
| Missing data [n] | 17 | 13 | 4 | 11 | 6 |
| COPD [n (%)] | 7 (2.4) | 5 (2.2) | 2 (3.1) | 5 (2.5) | 2 (2.3) |
| Missing data [n] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. Abbreviations: yrs—years; SD—standard deviation; ADL—activities of daily living; IADL—instrumental ADL; MMSE—Mini-Mental State Examination; CVD—cardiovascular disease; COPD—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Q1–Q3—interquartile range.