. 2024 Jan 11;9(1):20. doi: 10.3390/jfmk9010020

Table 4.

Effects of SMR on athletes’ strength.

Study	n	Measurement	Results
Study	n	Measurement	Group	M	SD	p
Kurt, 2023 [54]	23	CMJ height (cm)	SS	22.3	3	p < 0.05 *
			DS	25	3.7
			SMR	23.8	0
		CMJ reactive index	SS	0.528	2.275	p > 0.05
			DS	0.50	0.27
			SMR	0.57	0.33
		Stiffness (kN/m)	SS	6.92	6.4	p > 0.05
			DS	6.50	6.81
			SMR	7.07	7.1
		Isokinetic peak torque—right knee extensor at 60° (Nm)	SS	132.4	28.9	p = 0.038 *
			DS	140.4	25.6
			SMR	138	24.6
		Isokinetic peak torque—left knee extensor at 60° (Nm)	SS	125	24	p = 0.086
			DS	130.7	21.9
			SMR	131.9	22.7
		Isokinetic peak torque—right knee flexor at 60° (Nm)	SS	90	15.5	p = 0.006 *
			DS	94.9	18.5
			SMR	94.7	17.1
		Isokinetic peak torque—left knee flexor at 60° (Nm)	SS	88.3	13.5	p = 0.603
			DS	89.7	12.9
			SMR	91	15
Barrenetxea-García, 2023 [55]	30	In-water boost (jump, cm)	CG	116.04	6.82	p > 0.05
		In-water boost (jump, cm)	FR	114.51	6.96	p > 0.05
		Throwing speed test (m.s⁻¹)	CG	56.97	7	p > 0.05
		Throwing speed test (m.s⁻¹)	FR	58.08	7.88	p > 0.05
Chen, 2023 [56]	10	Hamstring stiffness (Nm⁻¹)	GW	292.89	24.28	p = 0.01 *
		Hamstring stiffness (Nm⁻¹)	DS + VFR	253.33	36.2	p = 0.01 *
		Quadricep stiffness (Nm⁻¹)	GW	254	23.78	p > 0.05
		Quadricep stiffness (Nm⁻¹)	DS + VFR	257.09	12.5	p > 0.05
		Hamstring isokinetic strength at 60° (Nm)	GW	51.52	8.89	p > 0.05
		Hamstring isokinetic strength at 60° (Nm)	DS + VFR	51.39	12.28	p > 0.05
		Quadricep isokinetic strength at 60° (Nm)	GW	107.47	14.29	p > 0.05
		Quadricep isokinetic strength at 60° (Nm)	DS + VFR	100.16	21.76	p > 0.05
Wang, 2022 [59]	27	CMJ (cm)	VFR	53.18	4.49	p = 0.03 *
			Percussion devices	50.08	3.97
			CG	47.92	3.82
		Drop jump (reactive strength index)	VFR	2.01	0.11	p = 0.012 *
			Percussion devices	1.99	0.11
			CG	1.86	0.05
Kozlenia, 2022 [57]	30	SJ (Jump height, relative force and power)	A vs. B	No SI-SMR vs. SI-SMR Diff.= 0.5–1.70 (A) vs. 0.11–0.16 (B) (depending on the variable)		p > 0.05
		CMJ (Jump height, relative force and power)	A vs. B	Diff. = 0.23–0.89 (A) vs. −0.18–0.41 (B) (depending on the variable)		p > 0.05
		CMJ Height (Eccentric utilisation ratio)	A vs. B	Diff.= 0.01 (A) vs. 0.03 (B)		p > 0.05
		DJ (Jump height, relative force and power, reactive strength index and stiffness)	A vs. B	Diff.= −0.03–3.31 (A) vs. −1.71–0.46 (B) (depending on the variable)		p > 0.05
Chen, 2021 [60]	15	CMJ (cm)	GW	34.6	4.1	p = 0.61
Chen, 2021 [60]	15	CMJ (cm)	GW + VFR	35.1	4.7	p = 0.61
Lopez Samanes, 2021 [61]	11	CMJ (cm)	DS pre	34.78	5.13	p > 0.05
			DS post	35.59	5.19
			SMR pre	34.24	6.77
			SMR post	34.42	7.07
Rahimi, 2020 [62]	17	Sergeant jump (cm)	Passive pre	44.9	7	p > 0.05
			Passive post	43.8	6.7
			FR pre	45.4	3
			FR post	44.5	4.5
Romero-Franco, 2019 [64]	30	CMJ (cm)	CG	+1.9	Intra p < 0.05 *	Inter p > 0.05
Romero-Franco, 2019 [64]	30	CMJ (cm)	FR	+4	Intra p < 0.05 *	Inter p > 0.05
Aune, 2018 [66]	23	Drop jump—Reactive strength index	Significant chronic increase through the intervention (whole group, FR + eccentric)			Inter p = 0.932
Aune, 2018 [66]	23	Plantar flexion torque (Nm)	Slightly better acute response for eccentric group, but no significant			p = 0.402
Richman, 2019 [69]	14	Drop jump (cm)	Light walk + DS	42.45	6.35	p = 0.351
		Drop jump (cm)	FR + DS	43.18	7.01	p = 0.351
		Squat jump (cm)	Light walk + DS	36.01	8.16	p = 0.022 *
		Squat jump (cm)	FR + DS	37.73	7.75	p = 0.022 *
		CMJ (cm)	Light walk + DS	40.91	7.66	p = 0.021 *
		CMJ (cm)	FR + DS	43.54	7.26	p = 0.021 *
Stroiney, 2018 [68]	49	Sergeant jump—Men (cm)	SMR pre	59.41	6.48	p inter-group < 0.05 *
			SMR post	61.95	9.68
			Assisted soft tissue mobilisation, pre	59.15	13.36
			Assisted soft tissue mobilisation, post	60.22	11.07
		Sergeant jump—Women (cm)	SMR pre	45.11	4.78
			SMR post	46.3	6.68
			Assisted soft tissue mobilisation, pre	47.55	7.26
			Assisted soft tissue mobilisation, post	43.26	8.1
Giovanelli, 2018 [67]	13	Maximal power—Lower limbs (W/kg)	CG	62.1	11.1	p = 0.251
		Maximal power—Lower limbs (W/kg)	FR	58.9	15.7	p = 0.251
		CMJ/RFD (N)	FR pre	1819	362	p = 0.024 *
		CMJ/RFD (N)	FR post	1972	461	p = 0.024 *
Rey, 2017 [73]	18	CMJ (cm)	CG pre	32.33	5.43	p > 0.05
			CG post	30.36	4.53
			FR pre	31.32	4.28
			FR post	30.26	3.34
Sağiroğlu, 2017 [70]	16	CMJ (cm) peak loss during recovery (time)	Aerobic running	−1.69 (min 30:00)		p inter-group > 0.05
			Aerobic running + SS	−2.62 (min 30:00)
			Aerobic running + SMR	−2.19 (min 30:30)
Behara, 2017 [74]	14	Vertical jump—Power peak (Watts)	Baseline	4282.91	487.81	p = 0.45
			FR	4372.46	474.57
			DS	4318.73	418.52
		Vertical jump—Velocity peak (m.s⁻¹)	Baseline	3.18	0.32	p = 0.25
			FR	3.27	0.28
			DS	3.22	0.27
		Leg extension isometric force (Nm)	Baseline	221.63	40.15	p = 0.63
			FR	214.01	49.85
			DS	208.44	60.25
		Leg flexion isometric force (Nm)	Baseline	134	25.06	p = 0.63
			FR	125.13	17.53
			DS	126.11	21.83
Peacock, 2014 [78]	11	Vertical jump (cm)	DYN	67.66	9.79	p = 0.012 *
		Vertical jump (cm)	SMR + DYN	72.97	10.6	p = 0.012 *
		Horizontal jump (cm)	DYN	228.6	25.25	p = 0.007 *
		Horizontal jump (cm)	SMR + DYN	237.84	25.45	p = 0.007 *
		Indirect 1RM bench press (kg)	DYN	99.92	19.56	p = 0.024 *
		Indirect 1RM bench press (kg)	SMR + DYN	103.68	20.47	p = 0.024 *

CG = control group; cm = centimetres; CMJ = counter-movement jump; Diff. = differences; DJ = drop jump; DS = dynamic stretching; DYN = dynamic warm-up; FR = foam roller; GW = general warm-up; kg = kilograms; m = metres; M = mean; Nm = Newtons · metre; p ≤ 0.05 or * = significant; post = post-intervention; pre = pre-intervention; RFD = rate of force development; s = seconds; SD = standard deviation; SI-SMR = short and intensive self-myofascial eelease; SJ = squat jump; SS = static stretching; VFR = vibration foam roller; W = Watts.