Table 2.
Summary of the literature on aPL-associated AVF thrombosis.
| Year | First Author (Reference) |
Study Type, n | Follow Up (Months) | aPL | Cut-Off | aPL Confirmation | Proportion of Native AVF | AVF Thrombosis and Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | F. Garcia-Martin [30] |
Retrospective n = 51 |
NA | LA, IgG aCL | 12.5 GPL U/mL | NA | NA | IgG aCL: Higher incidence of early (6 to 96 h) thrombosis in IgG aCL (31%) versus control (17%). Concentrations of IgG aCL early AVF thrombosis were significantly greater than in patients without it (18.5 ± 7.4 GPL U/mL versus 7.4 ± 0.8, p < 0.001). |
| 1992 | S. L. Chew [16] |
Prospective n = 60 |
12 | LA, IgG aCL | 10 GPL | Yes | 100% | LA, IgG aCL: no association with AVF thrombosis or death during the 12 months follow up. |
| 1995 | P. Brunet [19] |
Cross-sectional n = 97 |
6 | LA, IgG aCL | 20 GPL | NA | 81.40% | LA: association with AVF thrombosis, IgG aCL: no association with AVF thrombosis |
| 1995 | R. Prakash [20] |
Retrospective n = 17 |
30 | IgG aCL | 23 GPL | NA | 100% | No events of AVF thrombosis were encountered during the period of review. |
| 1999 | J. George [34] |
case–control n = 81 |
NA | aCL, aβ2GPI | NA | NA | 6.2% | aCL, aβ2-GPI: no association with AVF thrombosis |
| 1999 | B. J. Manns [35] |
Cross-sectional n = 118 |
36 | IgG aCL | low, moderate, and highly positive as follows: 11 to 20 GPL, 21 to 80 GPL, and more than 80 GPL | NA | 75% | IgG aCL: not associated with AVF thrombosis |
| 2000 | Y.S. Haviv [31] |
Retrospective n = 54 |
NA | IgG and IgM aCL, IgG and IgM aβ2-GPI | 10 IU/mL | NA | 31.50% | IgG and IgM aCL: association with AVF occlusion (thrombosis or IH). IgG and IgM aβ2-GPI: not associated with occlusion |
| 2002 | I. Palomo [36] |
Retrospective n = 208 |
NA | aCL, aβ2-GPI and aPS | 3 SD above the average of the normal controls | NA | 100% | aPL: no association with AVF thrombosis. |
| 2003 | M.R.N. Nampoory [37] |
Retrospective n = 82 |
NA | LA, IgG and IgM aCL, IgG and IgM aPS | IgG aCL: ≥23 GPU, IgM aCL: ≥11 MPU, IgG aPS: ≥17 GPS, IgM aPS: ≥23 MPS | NA | 70.70% | LA: association with AVF thrombosis, IgG, IgM aCL and IgG, IgM aPS: no association with AVF thrombosis |
| 2003 | Y-C. Chuang [38] |
Cross-sectional n = 48 |
NA | IgG aCL | 12 GPL-Uuml | NA | 52.10% | No IgG aCL positivity in this cohort |
| 2004 | D.Molino [39] |
Retrospective n = 40 |
NA | LA, IgG and IgM aCL, Ig G and IgM aPT | NA | NA | 100.00% | Ig G, IgM aPT, IgG, IgM aCL: significantly associated with AVF thrombosis |
| 2005 | F-R. Chuang [27] |
Cross-sectional n = 483 |
NA | IgM aCL | IgM aCL: 6 GPL-U/mL | NA | 72.30% | IgM aCL: not associated with AVF thrombosis |
| 2005 | G. A. Knoll [40] |
Case-control n = 419 |
NA | LA, IgG aCL, IgM aCL | IgG, IgM aCL: medium titer of 30 GPL or MPL U/mL | No | 91.40% | aCL: not associated with AVF thrombosis |
| 2005 | F. Gültekin [41] |
Retrospective n = 103 |
NA | IgG, IgM aCL | NA | NA | 100% | IgG, IgM aCL: not associated with AVF thrombosis |
| 2006 | J. Roozbeh [17] |
Prospective n = 171 |
14 | IgG aCL | Negative: <10 GPL. Low positive: 10 ≤ aCL < 20 GPL, Medium positive: 20 ≤ aCL < 40 GPL, and highly positive: ≥ 40 GPL units. |
NA | 100% | IgG aCL: not associated with AVF thrombosis |
| 2009 | S. Ozmen [18] |
Cross-sectional n = 103 |
NA | IgG, IgM aCL | NA | NA | NA | Not associated with AVF thrombosis, and AVF survival |
| 2012 | A. Serrano [21] |
Prospective n = 124 |
24 | IgG, IgM, IgA aCL, IgG, IgM, IgA aβ2-GPI |
20 U/mL | Yes | 100% | IgA aβ2-GPI: associated with AVF thrombosis, cardiovascular disease and mortality |
| 2013 | B. Salmela [22] |
Retrospective n = 219 |
NA | LA, IgG aCL, IgG aβ2-GPI | 15 U/mL | NA | 100% | aPL: not associated with AVF failure (thrombosis or stenosis) |
| 2013 | S. Hadhri [42] |
Case-control n = 101 |
NA | LA, IgG, IgM, IgA aCL, IgG, IgM, IgA aβ2-GPI |
95th percentile for healthy blood donors (7 MPL/mL, 10 GPL/mL and 10 APL/mL for IgM, IgG and IgA aCL, respectively, and 8 U/mL for IgM, IgG and IgA anti-β2-GPI) | NA | 100% | IgA aβ2-GPI: independent risk factors for AVF thrombosis (OR = 3.4; 95% CI, 1.21 to 9.55; p = 0.02) |
| 2014 | S. Bataille [28] |
Retrospective n = 192 |
NA | LA, IgG and IgM aCL, IgG and IgM aβ2-GPI | aCL and aβ2-GPI: 99e percentile | NA | 68% | aPL and LA: significantly associated with AVF thrombosis |
| 2016 | F. I. Fadel [43] |
Prospective n = 50 |
48 | IgG aCL | NA | NA | 80% | IgG aCL: significantly associated with AVF thrombosis. |
| 2019 | C. Grupp [44] |
Prospective n = 70 |
384 | LA, IgG, IgM, and IgA aCL | Respectively 12 GPLU/mL, 6 MPLU/mL, and 10 APL U/mL | No | 100% | LA, IgG, IgA, IgM aCL: significantly associated with AVF thrombosis. Patient survival tended to be shorter in patients aPL than in control group, but without statistical significance |
| 2022 | S. R. Anapalli [45] |
Cross-sectional n = 100 |
NA | IgG and IgM aCL | Respectively 10 and 15 MPL units | NA | 100% | IgG and IgM aCL: significantly associated with AVF thrombosis (p value < 0.001) |
| 2020 | P.R J. Ames [15] |
systematic review and meta-analysis IgG aCL: n = 1554, LA: n = 511 | NA | LA, IgG aCL | NA | NA | NA | IgG aCL and LA associated with AVF thrombosis |
aCL: anticardiolipin antibodies, aPS: antiphosphatidyl serin antibody, aPT: antiprothrombin antibodies, AVF: arteriovenous fistula, aβ2-GPI: anti- β2 Glycoprotein I antibodies, LA: lupus anticoagulant, NA: not available.