Table 2.

Needle digitization for 6 validation cases

	DSC, %	JI, %	HD, mm	Tip error, mm	Shaft error, mm	Time, s
3D CNN	88.5 ± 1.8	79.4 ± 2.8	5.8 ± 3.9	2.0 ± 1.6	3.3 ± 3.3	1.3
3D CNN + AG	93.7 ± 1.4	88.2 ± 2.5	3.0 ± 1.9	1.1 ± 0.7	1.8 ± 1.6	1.6
P value	<.05	<.05	-	-	-	-

Abbreviations: 3D CNN = 3-dimensional convolutional neural network; AG = attention gate; DSC = Dice similarity coefficient; HD = Hausdorff distance; JI = Jaccard index.