Table 3.

Risk of Bias and Quality Assessment of Quasi-Experiment Study

Item	Akbulak and Can41	Yes/no/unclear/not applicable
		Yakar et al.18	Barati et al.36	Kim et al.59
1. Is it clear in the study what is the “cause” and what is the “effect” (i.e., there is no confusion about which variable comes first)?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
2. Were the participants included in any comparisons similar?	No	Not applicable	No	Unclear
3. Were the participants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care, other than the exposure or intervention of interest?	Yes	Not applicable	Unclear	Unclear
4. Was there a control group?	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
5. Were there multiple measurements of the outcome both pre and post the intervention/exposure?	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
6. Was follow-up complete and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow-up adequately described and analyzed?	Yes	No	Yes	No
7. Were the outcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
8. Were outcomes measured in a reliable way?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
9. Was appropriate statistical analysis used?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes