Table 2. Summary of representative mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), introduced mutations, pathogenic features, and alterations in autophagy.

Mouse line	Transgenic mutation	Amyloid deposition	Phosphorylated tau	Behavioral dysfunction	Alteration of autophagy	Reference
Tg2576	APP Swedish mutation	5-fold increase in Aβ40 and 14-fold increase in Aβ42/43 at 11 months	Not detected	Spatial learning and memory impairment by10 months	Deficient autolysosomal acidification and selective accumulation of Aβ/APP-βCTF within pa-AL before extracellular Aβ42 deposits; ‘PANTHOS’	Lee et al., 2022; Lilja et al., 2013
APP23	APP Swedish mutation	7-fold overexpression of AβPP at 6 months	6 months	Early cognitive impairment from 3 months	Not reported	Bondolfi et al., 2002; Webster et al., 2014
TgCRND8	APP Swedish and Indiana mutations	Elevated levels of Aβ42 at 3 months	7–12 months	Early cognitive impairment from 3 months	Deficient autolysosomal acidification and selective accumulation of Aβ/APP-βCTF within pa-AL before extracellular Aβ42 deposits; ‘PANTHOS’	Kanemoto et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2022
PSAPP	APP Swedish and PS1 M146L mutations	Elevated levels of Aβ42 detected earlier than in Tg2576	Not detected	Spatial learning and memory impairments at 12–15 months	Deficient autolysosomal acidification and selective accumulation of Aβ/APP-βCTF within pa-AL before extracellular Aβ42 deposits; ‘PANTHOS’	Lee et al., 2022; Roltsch et al., 2010
APP/PS1	APP Swedish and PS1 L166P mutations	Elevated levels of Aβ42 at 2–3 months	8 months	Spatial learning and memory impairments at 6–8 months	Up-regulated levels of P62 Increased autophagy and mitophagy at early ages of mice	de la Cueva et al., 2022; Lok et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2021a
5×FAD	APP Swedish, Florida, London, PS1 M146V and L286V mutations	High levels of Aβ42 in the brain at 6 months	Not detected	Cognitive impairment at 4–6 months	Deficient autolysosomal acidification and selective accumulation of Aβ/APP-βCTF within pa-AL before extracellular Aβ42 deposits; ‘PANTHOS’ Altered transcription and expression levels of ATGs: BECN1-PIK3C3, ULK1/2-FIP200, DEF8, and ATG5	Lachance et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2022; Leyton et al., 2021; Oakley et al., 2006; Yelleswarapu et al., 2022
3×Tg-AD	APP Swedish, PS1 M146V, and Tau P301L mutations	High intracellular levels of Aβ42 at 3-4 months, and extracellular Aβ deposits at 6 months	12 months	Progressive cognitive and memory impairments with age	Defective CMA	Bourdenx et al., 2021; Falangola et al., 2020; Webster et al., 2014