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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jan 22.
Published in final edited form as: Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct;47(10):1290–1300. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003892

TABLE 1.

Summary of the Patient Numbers in Control and Bundle Groups, Study Designs, Sepsis Types, Location of Enrolled Patients, Country of Study, and the Number of Study Sites in the 17 Studies

Reference No. of Patients Study Design Sepsis Type Location of Patients Study Country No. of Study Sites
Control Bundle Control Bundle
Austrian et al (32) 838 1,306 BACCa,b Retrospective Retrospective SS/SSh ED United States 1
Bhat et al (33) 67 54 BACCb Retrospective Retrospective Sepsis Hospital United Kingdom 1
Bruce et al (34) 62 75 BACC Retrospective Retrospective SS/SSh ED United States 2
De Miguel-Yanes et al (35) 53 50 BACCb Retrospective Prospective Sepsis/SS/SSh ED Spain 1
Ferreras Amez et al (36) 222 222 BACCa,b Retrospective Prospective Sepsis/SSh ED Spain 6
Gao et al (37) 49 52 CCC Prospective Prospective SS/SSh ED + wards United Kingdom 2
Gatewood et al (38) 137 83 BACCa,b Retrospective Prospective SS/SSh ED United States 1
Hayden et al (39) 108 130 BACC Retrospective Retrospective Sepsis/SSh ED United States 1
Kumar et al (40) 55 71 BACC Retrospective Prospective Sepsis ED New Zealand 1
Leisman et al (41) (2012)c 4,769 1,050 CCCb Prospective Prospective SS/SSh ED + ICU United States 11
Leisman et al (41) (2014)c 958 739 CCCb Prospective Prospective SS/SSh ED + ICU United States 1
Leisman et al (41) (2015)c 5,124 2,115 CCCb Prospective Prospective SS/SSh ED + ICU United States 9
Liu et al (42) 5,942 6,544 BACCa,b Retrospective Prospective Sepsis ED + ICU United States 21
Prasad et al (43) 287 742 CCCb Retrospective Retrospective SS/SSh ED + ICU United States 1
Ruangchan et al (44) 70 158 CCC Retrospective Retrospective SS Hospital Thailand 1
Teles et al (45) 46 121 CCC Retrospective Retrospective Sepsis ICU + wards Brazil 1
Tse et al (46) 31 33 BACC Retrospective Prospective SS ED Hong Kong 2

BACC = before-after cohort control, CCC = concurrent cohort control, ED = emergency department, SS = severe sepsis, SSh = septic shock.

a

Employed International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, codes or administrative data sets to identify septic patients.

b

Study described as part of a program to improve patient care quality (i.e., quality improvement).

c

One publication included comparisons of control and intervention patients from each of three distinct patient populations admitted to study hospitals over periods ending in either 2012, 2014, or 2016, and each group and comparison was analyzed as a single study here.