Table 1.
Summary Characteristics for the 53 Included Studies.
| Journal article | Sample size White/Black (White:Black) |
Database | Surgery type | Variable type | Medical complications | Surgical complications | Post-Op outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adogwa et al. 2016 | 458/142 (3.2:1) | SI | Spine surgery | RaI | Cardiovascular, DVT/PE, GU, respiratory, systemic infection | Wound infection | LOS, Re-Ad |
| Aladdin et al. 2020 | 208,088/17,326 (12:1) | HCUP | Lumbar fusion | RaI | — | — | NRD, LOS, Re-Ad |
| Arena et al. 2020 | 38,249/2545 (15:1) | Optum EHR | Posterior lumbar fusion | RaD | Neurologic | — | — |
| Baek et al. 2019 | 906/193 (4.7:1) | NSQIP | Posterior spinal fusion | RaD | — | — | NRD |
| Cook et al. 2018 | 232,525/18,048 (12.9:1) | Medicare Claims | Lumbar fusion | RaD | — | — | NRD |
| De la Garza-Ramos et al. 2016 | 27,834/7531 (3.7:1) | NIS | Spinal fusion | RaD | Neurologic | — | — |
| Dial et al. 2020 | 1463/305 (4.8:1) | SI | ACDF | RaD | — | — | Re-Ad |
| Doherty et al. 2020 | 3176/200 (15.9:1) | HCUP | Lumbar fusion | RaD | Opioid Overdose | — | — |
| Drazin et al. 2017 a | 513/513 (1:1) | Medicare Claims | Lumbar laminectomy/Fusion | RaI | — | Wound infection | NRD, LOS, mortality, Re-Ad, Re-Op |
| Elsamadicy et al. 2016 | 32/28 (1.1:1) | SI | ACDF | RaI | DVT/PE, GU, respiratory | Wound infection | Re-Ad |
| Elsamadicy et al. 2017 | 438/52 (8.4:1) | SI | Complex spinal fusion | RaI | Cardiovascular, DVT/PE, GI, GU, neurologic, systemic infection | Cellulitis, Hematoma, wound drainage, wound infection | LOS, Re-Ad |
| Elsamadicy et al. 2018 | 292/53 (5.5:1) | SI | Lumbar spine surgery | RaI | DVT/PE, GU | Hematoma, wound infection | LOS, Re-Ad |
| Elsamadicy et al. 2020 | 13,250/2150 (6.2:1) | NIS | ACDF | RaI | Cardiovascular, DVT/PE, neurologic | Hematoma, wound disruption | NRD, LOS |
| (a) Elsamadicy et al. 2021 | 2096/552 (3.8:1) | KID | Posterior spinal fusion | RaI | Cardiovascular, DVT/PE, GI, GU, neurologic, respiratory | Hematoma, infection complication, wound dehiscence | NRD, LOS |
| (b) Elsamadicy et al. 2021 | 4505/383 (11.8:1) | NSQIP | Lumbar decompression/Fusion | RaD | — | — | NRD |
| Engler et al. 2022 | 376,385/22,878 (16.5:1) | Medicare Claims | Spine surgery | RaI | DVT/PE, neurologic, respiratory | — | Mortality, Re-Ad |
| Feng et al. 2018 | 57,717/10,060 (5.7:1) | SPARCS | Cervical spinal fusion | RaD | Systemic infection | Post-Op bleeding, infection complication | Mortality |
| Fineberg et al. 2013 | 486,181/35,757 (13.6:1) | NIS | Lumbar decompression/Fusion | RaD | Neurologic | — | — |
| Gephart et al. 2012 | 5311/368 (14.4:1) | NIS | Spinal fusion | RaD | DVT/PE | — | — |
| Ghenbot et al. 2022 | 307/63 (4.9:1) | SI | Spine surgery | RaD | — | — | Re-Op |
| Guan et al. 2018 | 201/4 (50.3:1) | QOD | Lumbar fusion | RaD | — | — | NRD |
| Hardman et al. 2022 | 40,041/4959 (8.1:1) | NIS | ACDF | RaD | Respiratory | — | — |
| Kashkoush et al. 2019 | 263,765/28,601 (9.2:1) | NIS | ACDF | RaD | — | — | Mortality |
| Kerezoudis et al. 2019 | 150,635/16,112 (9.4:1) | NSQIP | Cranial and spine surgery | RaD | — | — | Re-Op |
| Kim et al. 2018 | 4703/441 (10.7:1) | NSQIP | Spinal fusion | RaD | Cardiovascular, DVT/PE | Wound complication | Mortality |
| Knusel et al. 2020 | 4676/1577 (2.9:1) | NSQIP | Posterior lumbar decompression | RaD | — | Hematoma | — |
| Kohls et al. 2018 | 307/36 (8.5:1) | SI | Lumbar discectomy | RaD | — | — | Re-Ad |
| Lad et al. 2013 | 1052/336 (3.1:1) | Medicaid dataset | Lumbar laminectomy/Fusion | RaI | Cardiovascular, DVT/PE, GU, neurologic, respiratory | Wound complication, infection complication | LOS, Re-Op |
| Lee et al. 2017 | 4709/442 (10.7:1) | NSQIP | Spinal fusion | RaD | — | Wound complication | — |
| Lee et al. 2018 | 2008/163 (12.3:1) | NSQIP | Posterior lumbar fusion | RaD | — | — | Re-Ad |
| Macki et al. 2021 | 16,788/1436 (11.7:1) | SSID | Lumbar spine surgery | RaI | GU | — | NRD, LOS, Re-Ad |
| Malik et al. 2018 | 19,620/1914 (10.3:1) | NSQIP | Posterior lumbar fusion | RaD | — | — | NRD |
| Marquez-Lara et al. 2014 | 147,671/15,309 (9.7:1) | NIS | ACF | RaD | Respiratory | — | — |
| Mohanty et al. 2022 | 2024/596 (3.4:1) | SI | Spine surgery | RaD | — | — | Re-Ad |
| Mummaneni et al. 2021 | 852/160 (5.3:1) | QOD | Cervical spine surgery | RaD | — | — | NRD |
| Murphy et al. 2017 | 7192/487 (14.8:1) | NSQIP | Lumbar decompression | RaD | — | — | NRD |
| Nandyala et al. 2014 | 6923/847 (8.2:1) | NSQIP | Cervical spine surgery | RaD | Respiratory | — | — |
| Ogura et al. 2020 | 1307/147 (8.9:1) | SI | Lumbar fusion | RaD | — | — | NRD |
| Park et al. 2018 | 6378/628 (10.2:1) | SSID | Lumbar fusion | RaD | — | — | Re-Ad |
| (a)Passias et al. 2018 | 1743/88 (19.8:1) | NSQIP | Thoracic lumbar surgery | RaD | — | — | NRD |
| (b)Passias et al. 2018 | 51,895/4325 (12:1) | NSQIP | Spine surgery | RaD | Cardiovascular | — | — |
| Passias et al. 2022 | 179,802/13,374 (13.4:1) | NSQIP | Spine surgery | RaD | MI | — | — |
| Phan et al. 2017 | 1252/153 (8.2:1) | NSQIP | ACDF | RaD | — | — | Re-Ad |
| (a)Poorman et al. 2018 | 220,082/25,991 (8.5:1) | NIS | Cervical spine surgery | RaD | — | — | Mortality |
| (b)Poorman et al. 2018 | 529,044/39,988 (13.2:1) | NIS | Lumbar spine surgery | RaD | — | — | Mortality |
| Pugely et al. 2014 | 13,141/912 (14.4:1) | NSQIP | Lumbar spine surgery | RaD | — | — | Re-Ad |
| Quinn et al. 2017 b | 51,397/5072 (10.1:1) | NSQIP | Cranial and spinal surgery | RaD | Cardiovascular | — | — |
| Sanford et al. 2019 | 4106/522 (7.9:1) | NSQIP | Spine surgery | RaI | Cardiovascular, DVT/PE, GU, neurologic, respiratory | Wound dehiscence, wound infection | LOS, Re-Ad, Re-Op |
| Schoenfeld et al. 2012 | 1367/101 (13.5:1) | SPORT | Spine surgery | RaI | — | Wound infection, Hematoma | LOS, mortality, Re-Op |
| Seicean et al. 2017 a | 3489/3489 (1:1) | NSQIP | Laminectomy/Fusion | RaI | Cardiovascular, DVT/PE, GU, neurologic, respiratory | Wound disruption, wound infection | NRD, LOS, mortality, Re-Ad |
| Sivaganesan et al. 2019 | 29,876/2277 (13.1:1) | QOD | Lumbar spine surgery | RaD | — | — | Re-Ad |
| Skolasky et al. 2014 | 851,641/86,541 (9.8:1) | NIS | Cervical spine surgery | RaI | Cardiovascular, neurologic, respiratory | Hematoma, operative wound, wound infection | Mortality |
| Snyder et al. 2019 | 6633/1117 (5.94:1) | NSQIP | PCDF | RaD | — | — | NRD |
| Thirumala et al. 2017 | 1,142,902/125,547 (9.1:1) | NIS | Spinal fusion | RaD | Neurologic | — | — |
| Wick et al. 2022 | 6007/646 (9.3:1) | Vizient | Cervical spine surgery | RaI | — | — | LOS, Re-Ad |
| Woodard et al. 2022 | 199/79 (2.5:1) | SI | ACDF | RaI | — | — | NRD, LOS, Re-Ad, Re-Op |
| Ye et al. 2018 | 2242/376 (5.9:1) | NSQIP | Posterior cervical fusion | RaD | — | — | NRD |
| Zakaria et al. 2019 | 4582/602 (7.6:1) | SSID | Cervical spine surgery | RaD | GU | — | Re-Ad |
aMatched data was extracted for analysis.
bStudy reports on both cranial and spinal surgery, cranial data was not collected
GI = Gastrointestinal, GU = Genitourinary, HCUP = Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, KID = Kids Inpatient Database, NIS = National Inpatient Database, NRD = Non-Routine Discharge, NSQIP = ACS NSQIP, Optum EHR = Optum Electronic Health Records, QOD = Quality Outcomes Database, Re-Ad = Re-Admission, Re-Op = Re-Operation, SI = Single Institution, SSID = Michigan Spine Surgery Improvement Collaborative.